Representative immunofluorescent staining, Western blot and RT-PCR data of GnRH and GFAP in male rats.

<p>Confocal immunofluorescent images of 30 µ thick coronal sections from median eminence (ME) region of ad libitum fed (AL) and Intermittent fasting dietary restricted (IF-DR) male (n = 5 each) rat brain. The immunostaining in the ME region for GnRH and GFAP is shown for GnRH (A and B), GFAP (C and D) as well as dual immunofluorescence of GnRH and GFAP (E and F) for AL and IF-DR animals, respectively. GnRH-ir was reduced in IF-DR rats as compared to their corresponding control AL fed rats (B and A). GFAP immunostaining is visible in both internal and external zone of ME in IF-DR animals (D), whereas, GFAP-ir is reduced and restricted to internal zone of median eminence in AL group (C). Further (E) and (F) represent colocalization of GFAP and GnRH. (J) Western blot hybridization for GFAP and α-tubulin from median eminence region of AL and IF-DR male rats. (L) RT-PCR results for GnRH, GFAP and actin from median eminence region of AL and IF-DR male rats. (G, M) depicts relative intensity measurement ±SEM of GnRH immunofluorescence and relative optical density, performed by an observer blind to the experiments. (H and I) depict relative intensity measurement ±SEM of GFAP immunofluorescence from internal and external zone of ME. (K and M) depict relative optical density ±SEM of GFAP western blot analysis and mRNA expression from median eminence region. *pValue<0.05. Scale bar = 60 µ (A–F).</p

Summarized results showing parameters studied and the comparison between AL fed and IF-DR animals.

<p>Summarized results showing parameters studied and the comparison between AL fed and IF-DR animals.</p

Representative immunofluorescent staining, Western blot and RT-PCR data of GnRH and GFAP in female rats.

<p>Confocal immunofluorescent images of 30 µ thick coronal sections from median eminence (ME) region of ad libitum fed (AL) and Intermittent fasting dietary restricted (IF-DR) female (n = 5 each) rat brain. The immunostaining in the ME region for GnRH and GFAP is shown for GnRH (A and B), GFAP (C and D) as well as dual immunofluorescence of GnRH and GFAP (E and F) for AL and IF-DR animals, respectively. GnRH-ir was reduced in IF-DR rats as compared to their corresponding control AL fed rats (B and A). GFAP immunostaining is visible in both internal and external zone of ME in IF-DR animals (D), whereas, GFAP-ir was reduced and restricted to internal zone of median eminence in AL group (C). Further (E) and (F) represent colocalization of GFAP and GnRH. (J) Western blot hybridization for GFAP and α-tubulin from median eminence region of AL and IF-DR female rats. (L) RT-PCR results for GnRH, GFAP and actin from median eminence region of AL and IF-DR female rats. (G, M) depicts relative intensity measurement ±SEM of GnRH immunofluorescence and relative optical density, performed by an observer blind to the experiments. (H and I) depict relative intensity measurement ±SEM of GFAP immunofluorescence from internal and external zone of ME. (K and M) depict relative optical density ±SEM of GFAP western blot analysis and mRNA expression from median eminence region. *pValue<0.05. Scale bar = 60 µ (A–F).</p

Ophrys sp.

<p>Confocal immunofluorescent images of 30 µ thick coronal sections from median eminence-arcuate (ME) region of ad libitum fed (AL) and Intermittent fasting-dietary restricted (IF-DR) male (n = 5 each) rat brain. The immunostaining in the ME region for GnRH and PSA-NCAM is shown for GnRH (A and B), PSA-NCAM (C and D) as well as dual immunofluorescence of GnRH and PSA-NCAM (E and F) for AL and IF-DR animals, respectively. Both GnRH (A and B) and PSA-NCAM (C and D) immunostaining was reduced in IF-DR animals as compared to their corresponding control rats. (K) Western blot hybridization for PSA-NCAM and α-tubulin from median eminence region of AL and IF-DR male rats. (M) RT-PCR results for PST and actin from median eminence region of AL and IF-DR male rats. (I) depicts relative intensity measurement ±SEM of GnRH immunofluorescence, performed by an observer blind to the experiments. (J) depict relative intensity measurement ±SEM of PSA-NCAM immunofluorescence from ME region. (L and N) depict relative optical density ±SEM of PSA-MCAM western blot analysis and PST mRNA expression from median eminence region. *pValue<0.05. Scale bar = 60 µ (A–F).</p

Representative immunohistochemical staining and RT-PCR data of NPY.

<p>Immunostained images of 30 µ thick coronal sections from median eminence-arcuate (ME-ARC) region of female rats in pro-estrous (PRO) and diestrous (DIE) phase, ad libitum fed (AL) and Intermittent fasting dietary restricted female and male (n = 5 each) rat brain. The DAB staining in the ME-ARC region for NPY is shown for AL and IF-DR female rats (A and B), PRO and DIE phase female rats (C and D), and AL and IF-DR male rats (E and F), respectively. NPY-ir was higher in IF-DR rats as compared to their corresponding control (AL) female (B and A) and male (F and E) rats. NPY-ir was reduced in DIE phase as compared to PRO phase in female rats. (J) Median eminence-arcuate region NPY mRNA expression was enhanced in IF-DR male and female rats as compared to control group; however NPY mRNA expression was reduced in diestrous phase as compared to pro-estrous phase female rats. (G, H, I, K, L and M) depicts relative intensity measurement ±SEM of NPY-ir, and mRNA expression performed by an observer blind to the experiments. *pValue<0.05. Scale bar = 100 µ (A–F).</p

Primer sequences used for semi-quantitative RT-PCR.

<p>Primer sequences used for semi-quantitative RT-PCR.</p

Representative immunohistochemical staining and RT-PCR data of kisspeptin.

<p>Immunostained images of 30 µ thick coronal sections from median eminence-arcuate (ME-ARC) region of female rats in pro-estrous (PRO) and diestrous (DIE) phase, ad libitum fed (AL) and Intermittent fasting dietary restricted female and male (n = 5 each) rat brain. The DAB staining in the ME-ARC region for Kisspeptin is shown for AL and IF-DR female rats (A and B), PRO and DIE phase female rats (C and D), and AL and IF-DR male rats (E and F), respectively. Kisspeptin-ir was reduced in IF-DR rats as compared to their corresponding control (AL) female (B and A) and male (F and E) rats. Kisspeptin-ir was also reduced in DIE phase as compared to PRO phase in female rats. (J) Median eminence-arcuate region Kisspeptin mRNA expression was reduced in IF-DR male and female rats as compared to control group; Also, Kisspeptin mRNA expression was reduced in diestrous phase as compared to pro-estrous phase female rats. (G, H, I, K, L and M) depicts relative intensity measurement ±SEM of kisspeptin-ir and mRNA expression level, performed by an observer blind to the experiments. *pValue<0.05. Scale bar = 100 µ (A–F).</p

Contorted Naphtho- and Fluorenocoronenes: Syntheses and Properties of Polycyclic Aromatics beyond Benzo- and Thiophenocoronenes

Selective oxidative cyclodehydrogenation reactions on olefins carrying larger aromatic units are described to offer modular access to contorted polyaromatics of naphtho- and fluorenocoronenes, which are more extended frameworks than the known benzocoronenes. The annulation proceeded regioselectively when more than one mode was possible, based either on electronic or steric effect. The single-crystal field-effect transistor based on one of the derivatives, dinaphtho­[<i>a</i>,<i>d</i>]­coronene, gave a p-carrier mobility of 0.04 cm²/(V s) and on/off current ratio of 10²–10³

Synthesis of Polyarylated Carbazoles: Discovery toward Soluble Phenanthro- and Tetraceno-Fused Carbazole Derivatives

The successful iron chloride-catalyzed Scholl reactions toward a series of polyphenylated carbazole derivatives differing in their <i>N</i>-substitution are described. These reactions were found to be compatible over a series of polyaryls possessing fluoro, methoxy, and methyl functional groups, subsequently leading to the synthesis of partially and completely annulated phenanthro- and tetracenocarbazoles in excellent yields. One major consequence of nonsubstitution on carbazolyl-<i>N</i> and the unsymmetrical framework of some of the derivatives is the low solubility of the product; thus, a change from <i>NH</i>- to <i>N</i>-decyl on the carbazole nucleus was carried out. All newly developed derivatives were characterized by spectroscopic techniques, while the chemical structures of fluorophenanthro- and methoxytetracenocarbazoles were confirmed by single-crystal XRD analyses. The present efforts may likely expand the family of growing heteroarenes for future applications as semiconductors and electroluminescent materials

Unsymmetrically Extended Polyfused Aromatics Embedding Coronene and Perylene Frameworks: Syntheses and Properties

A series of polyfused aromatics containing coronene and perylene in their frameworks was successfully constructed by a modified Ramirez–Corey–Fuchs reaction as the key reaction. Typical six-membered annulation and atypical five-membered annulation through controlled reaction conditions led to a range of extensively conjugate aromatics as possible candidates for organic semiconductors. A significant p-type field-effect mobility of 0.42–0.64 cm²/V·s was obtained from one of the derivatives, dibenzo­[<i>a</i>,<i>d</i>]­coronene