Multi-Fuel Pyrolysesystem sowie Verfahren zur Erzeugung von elektrischer Energie und/oder Wärme

A multi-fuel pyrolysis system (1) comprises pyrolysis reactor (21, 22) which pyrolyzes fuels chosen from oxygenated fuels e.g. alcohols, bioolen, biodiesel and pyrolyseolen, liquid, gaseous hydrocarbon mixtures or gas mixtures, preferably fuels e.g. diesel fuel by anaerobic catalytic reaction, and fuel cells(s) are connected downstream of the pyrolysis reactor. An independent claim is included for usage of multi-fuel pyrolysis system

Controllable HDO of lignin model compounds via aqueous phase reforming

The depolymerisation of lignin into its monomeric constituents is a promising route to the production of aromatic bulk chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass and lignin-containing waste streams (e.g. from the paper industry). In order to obtain an industrial product, further downstream processing of the monomeric mixture is required. Therefore, the selective removal of methoxy (-OMe) and hydroxy (-OH) groups from mixtures of monomeric lignin model compounds over Pt-based catalysts in the aqueous phase was investigated. This hydrogenolysis / reforming approach promisingly yielded a narrow range of products, the composition of which, can be controlled via the system hydrogen concentration. Optimisation of the hydrogen supply during the reaction is crucial to direct the reaction towards phenol while simultaneously preventing ring hydrogenation. It was found that at temperatures of ca. 250 °C, using a Pt-based catalyst,-OMe groups were converted to -OH groups, in turn reacting with H2O to produce CH3OH (MeOH). This MeOH is then instantly reformed over the Pt catalyst to produce 3H2 and CO2, thus providing an in-situ supply of hydrogen directly at the active sites of the catalyst, facilitating -OMe and -OH abstraction. Therefore, the amount of –Ome groups in turn limits the supply of hydrogen. It is important to note that aromatic ring hydrogenation does not occur as the hydrogen is produced in-situ and consumed simulataneously at the catalytic site. It was found, as expected, that the addition of small quantities of MeOH at the beginning of the reaction accelerates the conversion, although nevertheless the hydrogenation of phenol seems to be the slowest reaction in the reaction pathway, making it a promising product of the process. Pt nanoparticle catalysts supported on traditional support media, including γ-Al2O3, ZrO2, TiO2, and activated carbon (C), were investigated along with a more cost effective / sustainable Ni/C alternative. Pt/ZrO2 showed the best results regarding conversion followed by Pt/C and Pt/γ-Al2O3. Pt/TiO2 and Ni/C catalysts showed no significant conversion toward the desired products. Reactions were performed over 10 h, with the product distribution analysed via liquid phase sampling at hourly intervals. The main process problems encountered in these investigations concerned the formation of coke and polymerisation, whilst adoption of a continuous process provided insight into the severity of these side reactions

Photophysicalcharacterisation of some dipyrromethenedyes in ethylacetate and covalentlybound to poly(methyl methacrylate

Analogues of the dipyrromethene-BF2 dye PM567 modified at the 8-position by acetoxymethyl (P1Ac), s-acetoxypentyl (P5Ac), and p-acetoxymethylphenyl (PAr1Ac) groups are studied in ethyl acetate solution. PM567 modified at the 8-position by methacryloyloxymethyl (P1MA), s-methacryloyloxypentyl (P5MA), and p-methacryloyloxymethylphenyl (PAr1MA) groups have been copolymerized with methyl methacrylate (MMA), and these solid samples are also studied. The absorption cross-section and stimulated emission cross-section spectra are determined. The fluorescence quantum distributions and fluorescence lifetimes are measured. Saturable absorption measurements with picosecond laser excitation are carried out for excited-state absorption crosssection determination at the excitation wavelength. The photo-degradation of the dyes is studied under cw laser excitation conditions and quantum yields of photo-degradation are extracted.Peer reviewe

Photophysicalcharacterisation of some dipyrromethenedyes in ethylacetate and covalentlybound to poly(methyl methacrylate

Analogues of the dipyrromethene-BF2 dye PM567 modified at the 8-position by acetoxymethyl (P1Ac), s-acetoxypentyl (P5Ac), and p-acetoxymethylphenyl (PAr1Ac) groups are studied in ethyl acetate solution. PM567 modified at the 8-position by methacryloyloxymethyl (P1MA), s-methacryloyloxypentyl (P5MA), and p-methacryloyloxymethylphenyl (PAr1MA) groups have been copolymerized with methyl methacrylate (MMA), and these solid samples are also studied. The absorption cross-section and stimulated emission cross-section spectra are determined. The fluorescence quantum distributions and fluorescence lifetimes are measured. Saturable absorption measurements with picosecond laser excitation are carried out for excited-state absorption crosssection determination at the excitation wavelength. The photo-degradation of the dyes is studied under cw laser excitation conditions and quantum yields of photo-degradation are extracted.Peer reviewe

Palladium/ruthenium composite membrane for hydrogen separation from the off-gas of solar cell production via chemical vapor deposition

The potential application of palladium-ruthenium composite membranes to the separation of hydrogen from chlorosilane gases in silicon-based industries was investigated. Palladium and palladium-ruthenium composite membranes were deposited on pretreated porous stainless steel substrates by electroless plating. Hydrogen permeation tests and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) analysis revealed that the addition of a Ru overlayer on Pd changed the hydrogen adsorption characteristics, resulting in improved stability of the membrane at low temperatures. The Ru/Pd/Al2O3/PSS composite membrane had a stable hydrogen permeation flux of 1.8 m3 m−2 h−1 over a period of 1200 h at 180 °C without suffering hydrogen embrittlement. After exposure to impurities such as HCl and SiHCl3, the hydrogen permeation flux of the Ru/Pd/Al2O3/PSS composite membrane was stable over a period of 9 h with feed pressure of 2.0 bar at 225 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and EDX mapping of the Ru/Pd/Al2O3/PSS membrane after the exposure test showed no surface deposition of Si and Cl