The effect of addition of bittering agent to ethylene glycol on frequency of oral ingestions in the United States and the District of Columbia.

<p>Panels A and B show incidence of intentional (> 11 years old) and pediatric unintentional oral ingestions (≤ 6 years old) per year for all states. In 2012, bitterant was added to commercially sold antifreeze in the United States and the District of Columbia. Panels C-F show no reduction in total, unintentional, intentional (> 11 years old), or pediatric unintentional oral ingestions (≤ 6 years old) of ethylene glycol in states that have added bitterant to ethylene glycol (n = 17) compared to those that have not (n = 34) from 2006–2013. Panels G and H show no reduction in death or major effects in states that have added bitterant compared to those that have not from 2006–2013. Y-axis represents frequency per 100,000 (100 K) humans for all panels; error is SEM; <i>p-</i>values calculated using analysis of variance for panels A and B.</p

Baseline Characteristics of Patients with Ethylene Glycol Poisoning in the United States.

<p>Plus-minus values are mean (SD) and number of patients reporting</p><p>*Total is intentional plus unintentional ingestions</p><p>^<b>†</b><i>P-Value</i> compares intentional versus unintentional intoxication, Chi-square test unless otherwise noted, Bonferroni-corrected <i>p-value</i> for significance is <0.002 (0.05/28 comparison variables)</p><p>^‡<i>P-value</i> calculated using a Student’s unpaired two-tailed t-test</p><p>Baseline Characteristics of Patients with Ethylene Glycol Poisoning in the United States.</p

Logistic regression analysis of risk factors associated with ethylene glycol ingestion.

<p>Age is reported in years and each group is compared to age ≤ 18 years. Oral ingestion is compared to all known types of other exposures (unknowns excluded). Listed seasons are compared to Fall. Bonferroni-corrected <i>p</i>-value <0.003 (0.05/17 or 18 comparison variables) is considered significant. (A) Multivariate model of variables associated with intentional ingestion (C-statistic = 0.74). (B) Multivariate model of variables associated with major effect(s) and/or death (C-statistic = 0.92). See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0143044#pone.0143044.s008" target="_blank">S4 Table</a> for additional information.</p

Incidence proportion of ethylene glycol exposures and population correlations.

<p>Choropleth maps show incidence proportion for ethylene glycol exposures for (A) all, (B) intentional, (C) unintentional, (D) major effects and death and (E) pediatric unintentional exposures (≤ 6 years old). Panels F-J show corresponding state incidence proportions correlated with population density (population per square mile) by state (F-H), panel J shows incidence of pediatric unintentional exposures correlated to percent of population of children under 18 years old by state. Incidence is per 100 000 humans, r = Pearson’s correlation coefficient.</p

Characteristics of Patients Who Experienced Effects Attributed to Ethylene Glycol Poisoning^*.

<p>Plus-minus values are mean (SD) with number of patients reporting. Bonferroni-corrected <i>p-</i>value for significance is <0.002 (0.05/19 comparison variables).</p><p>* Includes all classifications of intention, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0143044#sec005" target="_blank">methods</a></p><p>^<b>†</b><i>P-</i>value calculated using Chi-square, <i>p</i><0.001 for both age rows, compared by effects</p><p>^‡<i>P-</i>value calculated using Chi-square, <i>p</i> = 0.290 for weight, compared by effects</p><p>^§<i>P</i>-value calculated using ANOVA comparing three column effect variables is <i>p</i><0.0001 for all row, variables shown</p><p>Characteristics of Patients Who Experienced Effects Attributed to Ethylene Glycol Poisoning^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0143044#t002fn002" target="_blank">*</a>}.</p

Characteristics of patients with ANCA disease enrolled in the functional studies.

*<p>Patient's sample included in western blot analysis of signaling pathways.</p

Meta-analysis of the frequency of the <i>PTPN22 C1858T</i> SNP in ANCA Disease.

<p>Meta-analysis of the frequency of the <i>PTPN22 C1858T</i> SNP in ANCA Disease.</p

Characteristics of patients with ANCA disease enrolled in the Affymetrix microarray study.

<p>Characteristics of patients with ANCA disease enrolled in the Affymetrix microarray study.</p

Frequency of PTPN22 of protective allele (<i>A788</i>) in Caucasian ANCA patients.

<p>Frequency of PTPN22 of protective allele (<i>A788</i>) in Caucasian ANCA patients.</p

<i>IL-10</i> mRNA expression.

<p>(A) <i>IL-10</i> transcript levels are reduced in leukocytes from PTPN22 (R620W) positive patients. (A) IL-10 mRNA expression, which is mediated through the ERK pathway, was significantly lower in gain-of-function patients (<i>p</i><0.0001) by quantitative TaqMan PCR. (B) Longitudinally, the baseline level of IL-10 message in patients with the gain-of-function variant did not increase as they transitioned from active disease to remission (<i>p</i> = 0.25). (C) In contrast, patients with normal PTPN22 showed a robust increase in IL-10 as they entered remission (<i>p</i><0.0001). (D) Decreased IL-10 levels were associated with the relapsing group (n = 39, 1.8±1.15), and higher level in the non-relapse patient group (n = 14, 6.6±4.4, <i>p</i><0.0001).</p