Phenotype correlations among the asymmetry measures.

<p>The correlation estimate is shown in the upper right triangle of the matrix and the p-value based on permutation testing is shown in the lower left triangle of the matrix.</p

Cerebral Widths and Asymmetry Quotient Distributions.

<p>Left panel shows an example of a traverse slice dorsal to the corpus callosum with cerebral widths indicated on the right hemisphere. Right panel shows the distributions of the asymmetry quotients for hemisphere volume and each cerebral width.</p

Correlation coefficients of cerebral widths for each pair of regions.

<p>The Pearson's correlation is shown in the upper right triangle of the matrix and the p-value determined from permutation testing is shown in the lower left triangle of the matrix.</p

Deformation phenotypes.

<p>During the affine registration process, native space images are skewed (sheared) to ‘correct’ hemispheric asymmetry and align the images to the symmetric template. The magnitude of the skewing is a quantitative measure of hemispheric asymmetry. The arrows in each panel indicate the direction volume is shifted during image registration. The asymmetric distribution of volume in the native space (non-deformed) image is therefore opposite to the direction of the arrows. The skews have been exaggerated to emphasize the otherwise subtle distortions introduced by the registration process. Panel A: A positive skew in the transverse plane corresponds to an anterior shift of voxels in the left hemisphere and a posterior shift of voxels in the right hemisphere during registration to the symmetric template. Panel B: A positive skew in the coronal plane leads to a ventral shift of voxels in the left hemisphere and a dorsal shift of voxels in the right hemisphere during registration to the symmetric template. Panel C shows the distributions of the normalized phenotypes.</p

Genetic (<b>ρ_G</b>) and environmental (<b>ρ_E</b>) correlations for cerebral width phenotypes.

<p>The estimate of the proportion of common genetic sources contributing to the phenotypic covariance of each pair of cerebral width is shown in the upper triangle of the table and the proportion of common environmental sources contributing to the covariance between traits is shown in the lower triangle of the table. The standard error of the estimate is in parentheses.</p

Average scores for cingulate sulcus asymmetry by sex and range.

<p>Average scores for cingulate sulcus asymmetry by sex and range.</p

Cingulate sulcus asymmetry.

<p>Transverse Slices showing the relative position of the left and right ascending ramus of the cingulate sulcus. The left panel shows an image that was consistently scored as +2, the middle panel shows an image scored as symmetric (score = 0), and the right panel shows an image scored as −2.</p

Enrichment of LDL-C or TG associated SNPs in FCH affected individuals by their frequency and effect on LDL-C and TG levels.

<p>Enrichment ratio is the ratio of the allele frequencies in the affected individuals (<i>n</i> = 234) to the allele frequencies in the Finnish FINRISK population cohort (<i>n</i> = 18,715). Only individuals without diabetes or other relevant confounders were included (<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006078#pgen.1006078.s001" target="_blank">S1 Text</a>). Under the null hypothesis of no enrichment, a 95% credible interval (shaded area) was estimated by calculating the enrichment statistic (enrichment ratio) for all variants with MAF > 0.001% across the genome excluding the loci of the 212 SNPs. Variants are designated as either lipid level elevating (red) or lowering (blue) for (a) LDL-C and (b) TG based on <i>β</i> estimates from linear regression in the FINRISK samples. Point size and color intensity reflect the magnitude of the effect. Only SNPs with at least one heterozygous carrier are shown <i>(n</i> = 194). *The enrichment ratio for <i>LPL</i> rs1801177 fell within the 95% credible interval.</p

Clinical and metabolic characteristics of genotyped individuals.

<p>Clinical and metabolic characteristics of genotyped individuals.</p

Distributions of lipid levels in subsets of the Finnish general population and the FCH samples.

<p>Distributions of (a) LDL-C and (b) TG are shown for the Finnish FINRISK population cohort (FINRISK all, blue), hyperlipidemic Finnish population samples (FINRISK hyperlipidemic, green), all FCH family members (FCH all, brown), affected family members (FCH affected, red), and proband individuals (FCH probands, purple). Hyperlipidemia in the population samples is defined as TC or TG ≥ 90^th age- and sex-specific population percentile, analogously with the FCH diagnostic criteria. In (b) the x-axis is cut at 9 mmol/l. FCH, familial combined hyperlipidemia; FINRISK, The National FINRISK Study.</p