Relationship of Log10 eye and orbital diameters to Log10 cranial length in prosimians.

<p>The regression line is calculated from the strepsirrhines only. Thin lines indicate 95% confidence interval. Note that <i>Tarsius</i> is an outlier in each case.</p

Eye diameter and activity pattern in newborn strepsirrhine primates.

<p>Left column, log10 transformed axial eye diameter, transverse eye diameter, and orbital aperture diameter plotted against cranial length in primates with different activity patterns. Note that all cathemeral and diurnal scale below the regression line for nocturnal primates. Right column: relative size (residuals) of the same measurements. Although no significant differences were found, nocturnal species show a trend toward relatively larger eye dimensions than cathemeral and diurnal species. The difference in orbital aperture dimensions is less apparent.</p

Relative transverse eye diameter (residuals calculated from regression of Log10 transverse eye diameter against Log10 cranial length) plotted against relative age at weaning (top) and relative gestational age (bottom).

<p>No relationship to relative neonatal body mass as apparent in our analysis (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0036097#pone-0036097-t005" target="_blank">Table 5</a>).</p

Cranial length and life history variables of the specimens used in statistical analyses.

<p>C, cathemeral; D, diurnal; N, nocturnal; CL, average cranial length (prosthion-inion) measured from this sample.</p>1<p>activity pattern according to Kirk, 2006 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0036097#pone.0036097-Kirk1" target="_blank">[2]</a>.</p>2<p>neonatal mass, gestation length, and weaning age obtained from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0036097#pone.0036097-Kappeler1" target="_blank">[50]</a>, supplemented by data from other sources <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0036097#pone.0036097-Nash1" target="_blank">[51]</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0036097#pone.0036097-Weisenseel1" target="_blank">[55]</a>.</p>3<p>This is a 0-day-old <i>T. syrichta</i>. Two additional <i>T. syrichta</i> (one fetal and one 6-day-old) were studied for comparison to this 0-day-old infant. However, they were excluded from statistical analyses due to prematurity or, in the case of the 6-day-old, because the eyes had been removed prior to acquisition.</p

Published ontogenetic data on axial eye diameter for mammals.

*<p>several diameters were measured from the gerbil eye. The description of “AP” length matches AD as measured in this study.</p>**<p>, a longitudinal study <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0036097#pone.0036097-Tigges1" target="_blank">[16]</a> compared newborn AD to that of 4-year-old macaques, yielding a ratio of 0.69. If compared adult data from a different study <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0036097#pone.0036097-DeRousseau1" target="_blank">[15]</a>, the ratio is 0.68.</p

Regression of transverse eye diameter to orbital aperture diameter in neonatal (6a) and adult (6b) strepsirrhines.

<p>The solid regression line in each graph is hypothetical, showing the relationship if transverse diameter (TD) is equal to orbital aperture diameter (OAD). Note regression line slopes of TD to OAD (dashed lines) at both ages are similar to the hypothetical (solid) line. However, the TD of adults is smaller than OAD across species. Neonatal data from this study. Adult data are from this study (<i>O. garnettii</i>) and a previous report <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0036097#pone.0036097-Kirk1" target="_blank">[2]</a>.</p

Eye measurements and ratios of the species studied.

<p>AD, axial eye diameter; CL, cranial length (prosthion-inion); OA, orbital aperture diameter; TD, transverse eye diameter; SD, standard deviation (for species in which three or more specimens were measured).</p>1<p>Ratios calculated using infant data from the present study and adult data from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0036097#pone.0036097-Kirk1" target="_blank">[2]</a>;</p>2<p>Ratios calculated using data from Kappeler and Pereira <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0036097#pone.0036097-Kappeler1" target="_blank">[50]</a>;</p>3<p>Ratios calculated using data from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0036097#pone.0036097-Harvey1" target="_blank">[11]</a>.</p

Pearson Correlation Coefficients of the Log10 Cranial Length versus Log10 Life History Variables and Log10 Eye/orbit Measurements.

<p>AD, axial eye diameter; OA, orbital aperture diameter; TD, transverse eye diameter.</p

Relative eye and orbital diameter and eye and orbit growth residuals in strepsirrhines.

<p>AD, axial eye diameter; OA, orbital aperture diameter; TD, transverse eye diameter. “Growth residuals” were calculated using least-squares regressions. For each variable, the adult value was regressed against the neonatal value in order to calculate an “expected” adult value. Residuals were calculated from these equations. Since the predicted y value estimates the adult eye size for a given eye size at birth, the residuals approximate how much growth occurs postnatally as opposed to prenatally (positive values indicate more postnatal growth; negative growth residuals indicate more prenatal growth.</p

Lamba values for eye, orbit, and life history variables under study.

<p>Lamba values for eye, orbit, and life history variables under study.</p