KEY ASPECTS OF EU LEGISLATION ON WELFARE OF FARM ANIMALS

Законодавство ЄС вміщує ряд корисних положень, прийнятих, щоб захистити продуктивних тварин на фермах, транспорті та під час забою. В Угоді про діяльність Європейського Союзу тварини визначаються як «чутливі істоти» і вимоги до ЄС та його членів такі, щоб при створенні і виконанні їх законодавчих актів у відповідних частинах приділяти «увагу вимогам добробуту тварин».Законодавство ЄС щодо захисту тварин підкріплюється Угодою про функціонування Європейського Союзу. Стаття 13 Угоди передбачає, що у розробці і здійсненні політики Союзу по сільському господарству та транспорту, Союз та держави-члени повинні «...так як тварини визнані чутливими істотами, повною мірою врахувати вимоги добробуту тварин».З метою удосконалення, розробки та імплементації законодавства про добробут продуктивних тварин в контексті угоди про асоціацію між Україною та ЄС в даній статті наведено та проаналізовано законодавчі аспекти ЄС, щодо захисту продуктивних тварин при утриманні на фермах, транспортуванні та під час забою.Законодательство ЕС содержит ряд полезных положений, принятых для защиты продуктивных животных на фермах, транспорте и во время забоя. В Соглашении о деятельности Европейского Союза животные определяются как «чувствительные существа» и требования к ЕС и его членов такие, чтобы при создании и исполнении их законодательных актов в соответствующих частях уделять «внимание требованиям благосостояния животных».Законодательство ЕС по защите животных подкрепляется Соглашением о функционировании Европейского Союза. Статья 13 Соглашения предусматривает, что в разработке и осуществлении политики Союза по сельскому хозяйству и транспорта, Союз и государства-члены должны «... так как животные признаны чувствительными существами, в полной мере учесть требования благосостояния животных».С целью усовершенствования, разработки и имплементации законодательства о благосостоянии продуктивных животных в контексте соглашения об ассоциации между Украиной и ЕС в данной статье приведены и проанализированы законодательные аспекты ЕС, по защите продуктивных животных при содержании на фермах, транспортировке и во время забоя.EU legislation contains a number of useful provisions adopted to protect farm animals on farms, during transport and slaughter. The Agreement on EU activities animals defined as «sensitive beings» and the requirements of the EU and its members are to the creation and performance of their legislation in the relevant parts of pay «attention to the requirements of animal welfare».EU legislation on animal protection is reinforced by the Agreement on the Functioning of the European Union. Article 13 of the Agreement provides that in the development and implementation of Union policies on agriculture, transport, the Union and the Member States should «... animals are recognized as sensitive beings, fully take into account the requirements of animal welfare».In order to improve, develop and implement legislation on the welfare of farm animals in the context of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU in this article are analyzed and legal aspects of the EU on the protection of farm animals in the hold on farms, during transport and slaughter

«ANIMAL WELFARE» PROGRAM TRAINING SPECIALISTS AND STUDENTS OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, BIOTECHNOLOGY

Добробут тварин як дисципліна є одною зі складових загальної ветеринарної профілактики і входить до програм підготовки спеціалістів, що пов’язані у своїй професійній діяльності з тваринами, в т.ч. з виробництвом і переробкою продукції, яку людина одержує від тварин. Загальновизнаною у ветеринарній медицині є сьогодні її профілактична скерованість. І не лише тому, що ветеринарія охороняє людство від заразних захворювань (зооантропонозів), хоч це завжди було й залишається актуальним. Але і в зв’язку з тим, що завдяки постійному антропогенному тиску, через який наше зовнішнє середовище стало настільки швидко змінюватись і деградувати, що не враховувати цих змін, постійно контролюючи його стан, людство вже не має права. Розвинулись такі науки як екологія і біоетика, пов’язані з нею етологія та добробут тварин, гігієна тварин та ветеринарна санітарія, а також профілактична токсикологія. Усі вони разом виконують завдання загальної ветеринарної профілактики, яка, переслідуючи високу мету охорони людства, не може досягти її, не охороняючи тварин. Необхідність підходу до формування умов утримання тварин і виробництва тваринницької продукції має закладатись ще під час підготовки спеціалістів, як лікарів ветеринарної медицини так і біотехнологів, а тим паче в контексті Угоди про асоціацію між Україною та ЄС.Благосостояние животных как дисциплина является одной из составляющих общей ветеринарной профилактики и входит в программы подготовки специалистов, связанные в своей профессиональной деятельности с животными, в т.ч. с производством и переработкой продукции, которую человек получает от животных. Общепризнанной в ветеринарной медицине есть сегодня ее профилактическая направленность. И не только потому, что ветеринария охраняет человечество от заразных заболеваний (зооантропонозов), хотя это всегда было и остается актуальным. Но и в связи с тем, что благодаря постоянной антропогенной нагрузки, через которую наша внешная среда стала настолько быстро меняться и деградировать, не учитывать этих изменений, постоянно контролируя ее состояние, человечество уже не имеет права. Развились такие науки как экология и биоэтика, связанные с ней этология и благополучие животных, гигиена животных и ветеринарная санитария, а также профилактическая токсикология. Все они вместе выполняют задания общей ветеринарной профилактики, которая, преследуя высокую цель охраны человечества, не может достичь ее, не охраняя животных. Необходимость подхода к формированию условий содержания животных и производства животноводческой продукции должно закладываться еще во время подготовки специалистов, как врачей ветеринарной медицины так и биотехнологов, а тем более в контексте Соглашения об ассоциации между Украиной и ЕС.Animal welfare as a discipline is one of the components of the overall veterinary prevention and enters training programs related to their professional work with animals, including the production and processing of products that a person receives from animals. The generally recognized in veterinary medicine today is its prevention skerovanist. And not only because the veterinary protect humanity from infectious diseases (zooantroponoziv), though it has always been and remains relevant. But due to the fact that due to constant pressures through which our environment has become so quickly change and degrade not take into account these changes, constantly monitoring his condition, humanity has no rights. Developed science such as ecology and bioethics, related ethology and animal welfare, animal hygiene and veterinary sanitation and preventive toxicology. All together they perform tasks of general veterinary prophylaxis, which is pursuing the goal of high human health, can not achieve it without protecting animals. The need for an approach to the formation of animal welfare and livestock production has laid during the training, as doctors of veterinary medicine and biotechnology, and especially in the context of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU

B-spline collocation simulation of non-linear transient magnetic nanobio-tribological squeeze-film flow

A mathematical model is presented for magnetized nanofluid bio-tribological squeeze film flow between two approaching disks. The nanofluid comprises a suspension of metal oxide nanoparticles with an electrically-conducting base fluid, making the nano-suspension responsive to applied magnetic field. The governing viscous momentum, heat and species (nano-particle) conservation equations are normalized with appropriate transformations which renders the original coupled, nonlinear partial differential equation system into a more amenable ordinary differential boundary value problem. The emerging model is shown to be controlled by a number of parameters, viz nanoparticle volume fraction, squeeze number, Hartmann magnetic body force number, disk surface transpiration parameter, Brownian motion parameter, thermophoretic parameter, Prandtl number and Lewis number. Computations are conducted with a B-spline collocation numerical method. Validation with previous homotopy solutions is included. The numerical spline algorithm is shown to achieve excellent convergence and stability in nonlinear bio-tribological boundary value problems. The interaction of heat and mass transfer with nanofluid velocity characteristics is explored. In particular smaller nanoparticle (high Brownian motion parameter) suspensions are studied. The study is relevant to enhanced lubrication performance in novel bio-sensors and intelligent knee joint (orthopaedic) systems

Preparation and thermal conductivity of CuO nanofluid via a wet chemical method

In this article, a wet chemical method was developed to prepare stable CuO nanofluids. The influences of synthesis parameters, such as kinds and amounts of copper salts, reaction time, were studied. The thermal conductivities of CuO nanofluids were also investigated. The results showed that different copper salts resulted in different particle morphology. The concentration of copper acetate and reaction time affected the size and shape of clusters of primary nanoparticles. Nanofluids with different microstructures could be obtained by changing the synthesis parameters. The thermal conductivities of CuO nanofluids increased with the increase of particle loading

Preparation and characterization of carbon nanofluid by a plasma arc nanoparticles synthesis system

Heat dissipation from electrical appliances is a significant issue with contemporary electrical devices. One factor in the improvement of heat dissipation is the heat transfer performance of the working fluid. In this study, we used plasma arc technology to produce a nanofluid of carbon nanoparticles dispersed in distilled water. In a one-step synthesis, carbon was simultaneously heated and vaporized in the chamber, the carbon vapor and particles were then carried to a collector, where cooling furnished the desired carbon/water nanofluid. The particle size and shape were determined using the light-scattering size analyzer, SEM, and TEM. Crystal morphology was examined by XRD. Finally, the characterization include thermal conductivity, viscosity, density and electric conductivity were evaluated by suitable instruments under different temperatures. The thermal conductivity of carbon/water nanofluid increased by about 25% at 50°C compared to distilled water. The experimental results demonstrated excellent thermal conductivity and feasibility for manufacturing of carbon/water nanofluids

Viscosity affected by nanoparticle aggregation in Al2O3-water nanofluids

An investigation on viscosity was conducted 2 weeks after the Al2O3-water nanofluids having dispersants were prepared at the volume concentration of 1-5%. The shear stress was observed with a non-Newtonian behavior. On further ultrasonic agitation treatment, the nanofluids resumed as a Newtonian fluids. The relative viscosity increases as the volume concentrations increases. At 5% volume concentration, an increment was about 60% in the re-ultrasonication nanofluids in comparison with the base fluid. The microstructure analysis indicates that a higher nanoparticle aggregation had been observed in the nanofluids before re-ultrasonication

Investigation of the electrical conductivity of propylene glycol-based ZnO nanofluids

Electrical conductivity is an important property for technological applications of nanofluids that has not been widely studied. Conventional descriptions such as the Maxwell model do not account for surface charge effects that play an important role in electrical conductivity, particularly at higher nanoparticle volume fractions. Here, we perform electrical characterizations of propylene glycol-based ZnO nanofluids with volume fractions as high as 7%, measuring up to a 100-fold increase in electrical conductivity over the base fluid. We observe a large increase in electrical conductivity with increasing volume fraction and decreasing particle size as well as a leveling off of the increase at high volume fractions. These experimental trends are shown to be consistent with an electrical conductivity model previously developed for colloidal suspensions in salt-free media. In particular, the leveling off of electrical conductivity at high volume fractions, which we attribute to counter-ion condensation, represents a significant departure from the "linear fit" models previously used to describe the electrical conductivity of nanofluids

Investigation on two abnormal phenomena about thermal conductivity enhancement of BN/EG nanofluids

The thermal conductivity of boron nitride/ethylene glycol (BN/EG) nanofluids was investigated by transient hot-wire method and two abnormal phenomena was reported. One is the abnormal higher thermal conductivity enhancement for BN/EG nanofluids at very low-volume fraction of particles, and the other is the thermal conductivity enhancement of BN/EG nanofluids synthesized with large BN nanoparticles (140 nm) which is higher than that synthesized with small BN nanoparticles (70 nm). The chain-like loose aggregation of nanoparticles is responsible for the abnormal increment of thermal conductivity enhancement for the BN/EG nanofluids at very low particles volume fraction. And the difference in specific surface area and aspect ratio of BN nanoparticles may be the main reasons for the abnormal difference between thermal conductivity enhancements for BN/EG nanofluids prepared with 140- and 70-nm BN nanoparticles, respectively

Toward nanofluids of ultra-high thermal conductivity

The assessment of proposed origins for thermal conductivity enhancement in nanofluids signifies the importance of particle morphology and coupled transport in determining nanofluid heat conduction and thermal conductivity. The success of developing nanofluids of superior conductivity depends thus very much on our understanding and manipulation of the morphology and the coupled transport. Nanofluids with conductivity of upper Hashin-Shtrikman (H-S) bound can be obtained by manipulating particles into an interconnected configuration that disperses the base fluid and thus significantly enhancing the particle-fluid interfacial energy transport. Nanofluids with conductivity higher than the upper H-S bound could also be developed by manipulating the coupled transport among various transport processes, and thus the nature of heat conduction in nanofluids. While the direct contributions of ordered liquid layer and particle Brownian motion to the nanofluid conductivity are negligible, their indirect effects can be significant via their influence on the particle morphology and/or the coupled transport