Influence of reaction time and synthesis temperature on the physical properties of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by the hydrothermal method

Influence of synthesis temperature and reaction time on the structural and optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by the hydrothermal method was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, and UV–visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. The XRD pattern and HR-TEM images confirmed the presence of crystalline hexagonal wurtzite ZnO nanoparticles with average crystallite size in the range 30–40 nm. Their energy gap determined by fluorescence was found to depend on the synthesis temperature and reaction time with values in the range 2.90–3.78 eV. Thermal analysis, thermogravimetric and the differential scanning calorimetry were used to study the thermal reactions and weight loss with heat of the prepared ZnO nanoparticles

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Not AvailableIn the present study, spatio-temporal analysis of livestock diseases in Maharashtra was undertaken. Time series data (2005–2016) on outbreaks, diagnosed cases, death cases, districts were collected and analyzed for epidemiological parameters likes cumulative outbreaks, diagnosed cases, death cases, spatial distribution, prevalence rate, mortality rate and case fatality rates. Cumulative outbreaks during the period was highest for Black Quarter (BQ) (203) followed by Haemorrhagic Septicemia (HS) (176), Pesti des petits ruminants (PPR) (137), Swine Fever (SF) (36), Sheep and Goat (SG) Pox (33), Foot and Mouth disease (FMD) (6), Anthrax (SG) (18), Enterotoxaemia (ET) (17) and Anthrax (Bovines) (7). The spatial distribution analysis revealed highest cumulative outbreaks were in Ahmednagar (106), Latur (85) and Nashik (59) districts. Agroclimatic zone wise analysis revealed that more outbreaks were reported from Central Maharashtra Plateau zone (37.2%), Western Maharashtra Plain zone (24.1%) and Western Ghat zone (12.9%). The prevalence rate per 103 population revealed highest in SF (29.24), followed by PPR (3.39), Pox (0.34), FMD (0.16), HS (0.11), Anthrax (SG) (0.09), BQ (0.06), Anthrax (Bovines) (0.04) and ET (0.04). The case fatality rate was highest for SF (68.1%), Anthrax (SG) (64.5%) and BQ (62.8%), as observed. Based on epidemiological analysis, it may be concluded that BQ, HS, PPR and SF were the important livestock diseases in Maharashtra, its occurrence were high in Central Maharashtra Plateau, Western Maharashtra plain and Western Ghat and in Ahmednagar, Latur, Pune and Nashik districts. Thus, appropriate preventive measures need to be undertaken in the identified areas to mitigate the livestock diseases in Maharashtra state.Not Availabl