SYNTHESIS AND ANTICANCER SCREENING OF TRIAZINE ANALOGUES

Objective: The study was aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effect of S-5H-[1,2,4]-triazino (5,6-b) indol-3-yl-3,4-phenylethane-thioate derivatives as epidermal growth factor Receptor (EGFR) inhibitors. Methods: In the present study 14 novel triazine analogues were synthesized and characterized using different spectroscopic techniques such as FT-IR, NMR and Mass Spectroscopy. The anticancer activity was performed using MCF-7 (breast cancer) and K-562 (leukaemia) cell lines. Further, molecular docking was carried out using Vlife Molecular Docking Software (MDS) on crystal structure of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to identify the binding mode of interaction with an active site. Results: Compounds MA-7, MA-8, MA-12, MA-13 and MA-14 show potent activity against cancer cell lines in the range of<10 to 84.4 µg/ml. Further molecular docking on EGFR also supports that there is a strong correlation between in silico and in vitro biological activity. The results of this study may be further useful for lead optimization process. Conclusion: The results of this study indicates that the synthesized triazine analogues can give a potential lead as an anticancer agent

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON A JATROPHA OIL METHYL ESTER FUELLED DIESEL ENGINE

ABSTRACT Biodiesel is a non-toxic, biodegradable and renewable fuel with the potential to reduce engine exhaust emissions. The methyl ester of jatropha oil, known as biodiesel, is receiving increasing attention as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. The biodiesel is obtained through transesterification process. Various properties of the biodiesel thus developed are evaluated and compared in relation to that of conventional diesel oil. In the present investigation neat jatropha oil methyl ester (JME) as well as the blends of varying proportions of jatropha oil methyl ester (JME) and diesel were used to run a CI engine. A four stroke diesel engine having compression ratio of 17.5: 1 and developing 5.2 kW at 1500 rpm was used. Experiments were initially carried out on the engine at all loads using diesel to provide baseline data. Significant improvements in engine performance and emission characteristics were observed for JME fuel. The addition of jatropha methyl ester (JME) to diesel fuel has significantly reduced HC, CO, CO 2 and smoke emissions but it increases the NO X emission slightly. The maximum reduction in smoke emission was observed by 35 % in case of neat biodiesel operation as compared to diesel. The unburned hydrocarbon emission was drastically reduced by 53 % for neat biodiesel operation. KEYWORDS Biodiesel, jatropha oil methyl ester, diesel engine, performance, emissions. INTRODUCTION The concept of using biomass based fuel specifically, vegetable oil based methyl ester, as a diesel fuel alternative is not new. Rudolf Diesel himself demonstrated that his engine could run on vegetable oil fuels. Since then various vegetable fuels and their ester has been tested as a diesel fuel alternatives. With the increased availability of petroleum based fuels, studies on biomass-based fuels decreased. During the oil shock era of the 1970s, interest in these fuels again resurfaced. Diesel engines are widely used as power sources for heavy and medium duty applications because of their good fuel economy and low emissions of unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). However, diesel engines usually exhaust higher amounts of particulate matter (PM) than spark ignition engines. Many alternative diesel fuels have been shown to have better exhaust emissions than traditional diesel fuel. Alkyl esters of vegetable oils and animal fats, called biodiesel, hold promise as fuel alternatives for diesel engines. A number of researchers have shown that biodiesel has fuel properties and provides engine performance that is very similar to diesel fuel. The primary incentive for using biodiesel is that it is a nontoxic, biodegradable, and renewable fuel. Further advantages over petroleum-based diesel fuel include a high cetane number, low sulfur, low aromatics, low volatility and the presence of oxygen atoms in the fuel molecule. These features of biodiesel lead to its greatest advantage, which is its potential for emission reduction including CO, HC, solid carbon particle

Ultrasonication mode for the expedition of extraction process of chitin from the maritime shrimp shell waste

431-438Worldwide, marine crustacean waste is a major problem for environmental pollution, and it is a severe risk to the coastline area. Shellfish wastes consist of some commercially valuable products, mainly the chitin. The extraction of chitin from the shellfish waste is very complicated and required a successive pretreatment process. Sonication can improve the process of extraction of chitin from the shrimp shell waste. In this study, the conventional and ultrasonication method of pretreatment was applied and compared for the extraction of chitin. By the conventional method, 12 h was required for the removal of calcium and proteins each. In contrast, only 6 h was required for the complete removal of calcium and proteins each, by the ultrasonication assisted method. After pretreatment, the results were analyzed and compared by the already purified commercial chitin using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Ultrasonication improves the rate of reaction of the pretreatment by the process of cavitation. By this work, the ultrasonication technique was proved to be much faster than the conventional method for the pretreatment process

Once weekly alendronate produces a greater decrease in bone resorption than daily risedronate

peer reviewe

What lies beneath: Hydra provides cnidarian perspectives into the evolution of FGFR docking proteins

Across the Bilateria, FGF/FGFR signaling is critical for normal development, and in both Drosophila and vertebrates, docking proteins are required to connect activated FGFRs with downstream pathways. While vertebrates use Frs2 to dock FGFR to the RAS/MAPK or PI3K pathways, the unrelated protein, downstream of FGFR (Dof/stumps/heartbroken), fulfills the corresponding function in Drosophila. To better understand the evolution of the signaling pathway downstream of FGFR, the available sequence databases were screened to identify Frs2, Dof, and other key pathway components in phyla that diverged early in animal evolution. While Frs2 homologues were detected only in members of the Bilateria, canonical Dof sequences (containing Dof, ankyrin, and SH2/SH3 domains) were present in cnidarians as well as bilaterians (but not in other animals or holozoans), correlating with the appearance of FGFR. Although these data suggested that Dof coupling might be ancestral, gene expression analysis in the cnidarian Hydra revealed that Dof is not upregulated in the zone of strong FGFRa and FGFRb expression at the bud base, where FGFR signaling controls detachment. In contrast, transcripts encoding other, known elements of FGFR signaling in Bilateria, namely the FGFR adaptors Grb2 and Crkl, which are acting downstream of Dof (and Frs2), as well as the guanyl nucleotide exchange factor Sos, and the tyrosine phosphatase Csw/Shp2, were strongly upregulated at the bud base. Our expression analysis, thus, identified transcriptional upregulation of known elements of FGFR signaling at the Hydra bud base indicating a highly conserved toolkit. Lack of transcriptional Dof upregulation raises the interesting question, whether Hydra FGFR signaling requires either of the docking proteins known from Bilateria

Standardization and Quality Evaluation of Herbal Drugs

In recent years most, people throughout world are turning to use medicinal plant and herbal product in healthcare system. the use of herbal product as medicine by the basis of history. The identification of pure active ingredient is an important requirement for Quality and dose determination of plant related dugs. Therefore, evaluation of the parameters based upon chemical, physical, microbiological, therapeutic and toxicological studies can serve as an important tool in stability studies. Standardization of herbal drugs means confirmation of its identity, Quality and purity. The present overview covers the standardization parameters with their standards value of some herbal drugs. Keywords: Herbal medicine, Standardization, Quality control, evaluation, WHO Guidelines

Development and Validation of a RP-UPLC Method for Determination of Linezolid in Pharmaceutical Formulation

A simple, sensitive and accurate RP-UPLC method has been developed for the determination of Linezolid in Tablet formulation. The mix of the Linezolid was found to be 251nm in Acetonitrile: Buffer [40:60(v/v)]. The method shows high sensitivity with linearity 5 to 30μg/ml (regression r2 = 0.999). This method was tested and validated for various parameters according to ICH guidelines and USP. The Detection limit and quantitation limit were found to be 50mg ml–1 and 150 mg ml–1 in Acetonitrile: Buffer [40:60(v/v)] respectively. The results demonstrated that the procedure is accurate, precise and reproducible (relative standard deviation < 2%), while being simple, cheap and less time consuming and can be suitably applied for the estimation of Linezolid in Tablet pharmaceutical formulation. Keywords: linezolid, Acetonitrile: Buffer 40:60 (v/v). RP-UPLC, Methanol