147 research outputs found
Efficient spatially-resolved multimode quantum memory
We propose a method that enables efficient storage and retrieval of a
photonic excitation stored in an ensemble quantum memory consisting of
Lambda-type absorbers with non-zero Stokes shift. We show that this can be used
to implement a multimode quantum memory storing multiple frequency-encoded
qubits in a single ensemble, and allowing their selective retrieval. The
read-out scheme applies to memory setups based on both
electromagnetically-induced transparency and stimulated Raman scattering, and
spatially separates the output signal field from the control fields
ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ Π³ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. ΠΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠ° Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Ρ Ρ Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΉΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½Ρ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ±ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ². Π Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ²Π°ΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΡΠΎΡ Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈ Ρ Π·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ Π·Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π΄Π°ΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ½ΡΠ² - Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ½Π°, ΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² Π½Π° Π½Π°Π²ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅. Π‘Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΡΡΠΈ Π·Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌ, ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π’Π΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π£Π½ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π· ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΡ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ½ΡΠ². ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π³ΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ½ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠ² ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°. ΠΠ°Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΌΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ½Π° Π· ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Al/AN/HTPB, Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π΄ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ½Π°. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈ β ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ½Π° Π· Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΡΡΡ ΠΉΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ.Now and in the foreseeable future rocket engine will be the most basic propulsion of space vehicle. Nowadays the most important condition in design of rocket engine is the cost reduction and increasing thrust to weight ratio as much as possible. The design of rocket engines is exhaustive and difficult process. It must produce low cost and high performance engine with minimal influence on the environment. Following these requirements, Warsaw University of Technology jointly with Institute of Aviation in Warsaw, started their own program on ecologically safe propulsion development. The experimental hybrid rocket motor has been designed and manufactured to test a new formula of solid fuel. The paper explores the performance and safety implications associated with the oxidizer enhanced Al/AN/HTPB grain by using of a laboratory scale hybrid rocket motor test stand. The main objective of this work was to design simple rocket engine that could smoothly be developed and possibly improved in the future.ΠΠ° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ². Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΊ Π²Π΅ΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ β ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ. Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π’Π΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π£Π½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π°Π²ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°. ΠΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ Al/AN/HTPB, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π΄ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Modematching an optical quantum memory
We analyse the off-resonant Raman interaction of a single broadband photon,
copropagating with a classical `control' pulse, with an atomic ensemble. It is
shown that the classical electrodynamical structure of the interaction
guarantees canonical evolution of the quantum mechanical field operators. This
allows the interaction to be decomposed as a beamsplitter transformation
between optical and material excitations on a mode-by-mode basis. A single,
dominant modefunction describes the dynamics for arbitrary control pulse
shapes.
Complete transfer of the quantum state of the incident photon to a collective
dark state within the ensemble can be achieved by shaping the control pulse so
as to match the dominant mode to the temporal mode of the photon. Readout of
the material excitation, back to the optical field, is considered in the
context of the symmetry connecting the input and output modes. Finally, we show
that the transverse spatial structure of the interaction is characterised by
the same mode decomposition.Comment: 17 pages, 4 figures. Brief section added treating the transverse
spatial structure of the memory interaction. Some references added. A few
typos fixe
Creating diamond color centers for quantum optical applications
Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have distinct promise as solid-state
qubits. This is because of their large dipole moment, convenient level
structure and very long room-temperature coherence times. In general, a
combination of ion irradiation and subsequent annealing is used to create the
centers, however for the rigorous demands of quantum computing all processes
need to be optimized, and decoherence due to the residual damage caused by the
implantation process itself must be mitigated. To that end we have studied
photoluminescence (PL) from NV, NV and GR1 centers formed by ion
implantation of 2MeV He ions over a wide range of fluences. The sample was
annealed at C to minimize residual vacancy diffusion, allowing for
the concurrent analysis of PL from NV centers and irradiation induced vacancies
(GR1). We find non-monotic PL intensities with increasing ion fluence,
monotonic increasing PL in NV/NV and GR1/(NV + NV) ratios, and
increasing inhomogeneous broadening of the zero-phonon lines with increasing
ion fluence. All these results shed important light on the optimal formation
conditions for NV qubits. We apply our findings to an off-resonant photonic
quantum memory scheme using vibronic sidebands
The estrogen receptor alpha:insulin receptor substrate 1 complex in breast cancer: structure-function relationships
Background: Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) is a signaling molecule that exerts a key role in mediating cross talk
between estrogen receptor a (ERa) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in breast cancer cells. Previously, we
demonstrated that a fraction of IRS-1 binds ERa, translocates to the nucleus, and modulates ERa-dependent
transcription at estrogen response elements (ERE). Here, we studied structureβfunction relationships of the ERa:IRS-1
complex under IGF-1 and/or estradiol (E2) stimulation.
Materials and methods: ERa and IRS-1 deletion mutants were used to analyze structural and functional ERa/IRS-1
interactions. IRS-1 binding to ERE and IRS-1 role in ERa-dependent ERE transcription was examined by chromatin
immunoprecipitation and gene reporter analysis, respectively. The requirement for IRS-1 in ERa function was tested
with RNAi technology.
Results: Nuclear translocation of IRS-1 was induced by E2, IGF-1, and a combination of both stimuli. ERa/IRS-1
binding was direct and involved the activation function-1 (AF-1)/DNA binding domain (DBD) region of ERa and two
discrete regions of IRS-1 (the N-terminal pleckstrin homology domain and a region within the C-terminus). IRS-1 knock
down abrogated IGF-1-dependent transcriptional activity of unliganded ERa, but induced the activity of liganded ERa.
Conclusions: ERa/IRS-1 interactions are direct and involve the ERa AF-1/DBD domain and IRS-1 domains mapping
within N- and C-terminus. IRS-1 may act as a repressor of liganded ERa and coactivator of unliganded ERa
Towards high-speed optical quantum memories
Quantum memories, capable of controllably storing and releasing a photon, are
a crucial component for quantum computers and quantum communications. So far,
quantum memories have operated with bandwidths that limit data rates to MHz.
Here we report the coherent storage and retrieval of sub-nanosecond low
intensity light pulses with spectral bandwidths exceeding 1 GHz in cesium
vapor. The novel memory interaction takes place via a far off-resonant
two-photon transition in which the memory bandwidth is dynamically generated by
a strong control field. This allows for an increase in data rates by a factor
of almost 1000 compared to existing quantum memories. The memory works with a
total efficiency of 15% and its coherence is demonstrated by directly
interfering the stored and retrieved pulses. Coherence times in hot atomic
vapors are on the order of microsecond - the expected storage time limit for
this memory.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figure
Measuring phonon dephasing with ultrafast pulses using Raman spectral interference
A technique to measure the decoherence time of optical phonons in a solid is presented. Phonons are excited with a pair of time-delayed 80 fs near infrared pulses via spontaneous transient Raman scattering. The spectral fringe visibility of the resulting Raman pulse pair, as a function of time delay, is used to measure the phonon dephasing time. The method avoids the need to use either narrow band or few femtosecond pulses and is useful for low phonon excitations. The dephasing time of phonons created in bulk diamond is measured to be Ο=6.8 ps (ΞΞ½=1.56 cm-1). Β©2008 The American Physical Society
ΠΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ \ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°
Π₯ΡΠΌΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½Ρ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ½ΠΈ β Ρ Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΉΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ±ΡΡΡ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Ρ. ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΉΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎ Π·ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΡΠ², ΡΠΊΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ±ΡΡΡ Π·ΠΌΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠ² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π· Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ³ΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈ. Π ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠΊΡ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠΌΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ Π½Π° Π½Π°Π²ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π±Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ² ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°. ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π· Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ² ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°, ΡΠΎ Ρ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Ρ Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡ, Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½. Π¦Π΅ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² Π²ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ·Ρ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊ, Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ, Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠ° Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ½ΡΠ², ΡΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΉΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΊΡ, ΡΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ.ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ³Π°Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΠΎΠ± ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠΊ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ½ΡΠ². ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π· Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ² ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΠΊΠΈ (CFD) ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ½Π°. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ· Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·ΡΠ°Π·ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π· ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ. Π£ ΠΌΠ°ΠΉΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ½Π°, ΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ.Chemical rocket engines are still and will be in the foreseeable future the most widely used means of propulsion systems in transportation into the earth's orbit. What is more, information technologies need more and more satellites constellations to be replenished. This forces the rocket industry to build rocket engines with wider range of thrust and better performance. On the other hand, in order to minimize the influence on the environment, ecologically-safe propellants are considered to be used in space industry [1]. One of propellants, which is ecologically-safe and guarantees good overall performance is methane. This fuel is in area of interests of world's rocket industry. However, till today only a few methane rocket engines were tested, so it seems to be a wide area of possible improvements in this field. The main aim of the paper will be to analyze the possibility of using methane as a fuel for the rocket engine. The authors made the computations of a model rocket engine, fueled by methane, using CFD method. The analysis stands as the basis for the design of a model rocket engine. Experimental research to check the calculationsβ validity as well as testing of its cooling system will complete the design.Π₯ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ. ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ, Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΈ Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ. Π‘ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°. ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ-Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½. ΠΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ, Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ (CFD) ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡ
Π»Π°ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°
Polyprenols Are Synthesized by a Plastidial cis-Prenyltransferase and Influence Photosynthetic Performance
Plants accumulate a family of hydrophobic polymers known as polyprenols, yet how they are synthesized, where they reside
in the cell, and what role they serve is largely unknown. Using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model, we present evidence for the involvement of a plastidial cis-prenyltransferase (AtCPT7) in polyprenol synthesis. Gene inactivation and RNAi-mediated knockdown of AtCPT7 eliminated leaf polyprenols, while its overexpression increased their content. Complementation tests in the polyprenol-deficient yeast Ξrer2 mutant and enzyme assays with recombinant AtCPT7 confirmed that the enzyme synthesizes polyprenols of ~55 carbons in length using geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) and isopentenyl diphosphate as substrates. Immunodetection and in vivo localization of AtCPT7 fluorescent protein fusions showed that AtCPT7 resides in the stroma of mesophyll chloroplasts. The enzymatic products of AtCPT7 accumulate in thylakoid membranes, and in their absence, thylakoids adopt an increasingly βfluid membraneβ state. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements from the leaves
of polyprenol-deficient plants revealed impaired photosystem II operating efficiency, and their thylakoids exhibited
a decreased rate of electron transport. These results establish that (1) plastidial AtCPT7 extends the length of GGPP to;55 carbons, which then accumulate in thylakoid membranes; and (2) these polyprenols influence photosynthetic performance through their modulation of thylakoid membrane dynamics
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