The Idiopathic Hypertrophic Spinal Pachymeningitis: A case report and review of literature

Idiopathic hypertrophic spinal pachymeningitis (IHSP) is a rare inflammatory condition characterized by chronic inflammatory hypertrophy of the dura mater. It can involve the entire spine. However, most cases are reported in the cervical and thoracic spine. It can progress from local pain to radiculopathy and eventually develop myelopathy. The aetiology of IHSP is not known. However, it has been suggested to be associated with many diseases. Here we report a case of IHSP in 21-year-old female who presented with paraplegia. The diagnosis was made on MRI Spine and histopathological examination.  It was treated with surgical decompression, steroid therapy and patient improved gradually

A thoracic intradural intramedullary epidermoid in a 12-years old female without any evidence of spinal dysraphism: A rare case report and review of literature

The spinal epidermoid lesion is an extremely rare benign condition, seen in < 1% of all spinal tumours and are most commonly associated with spinal dysraphism. They are more common in young children and have female preponderance. They can be either congenital or acquired with congenital being more common. They are most commonly located in the thoracic region. They grow slowly and present with back pain and progressive neurological deficit with or without bladder bowel involvement. We present a case of a 12-year-old female child with gradually progressive neurological deficit in the form of spastic paraparesis and decreased sensation with early bladder involvement. Her contrast MRI dorsolumbar spine showed a  well defined intradural intramedullary lesion hypointense on T1 image, hyperintense on T2 image with no contrast enhancement at D10-D11 level. The patient was managed by surgical intervention with D9-D10-D11 laminectomy with total excision of the mass. Postoperatively on follow up patient had gradually improved motor and sensory symptoms with no improvement in bladder symptoms. Her histopathological study was confirmative of an epidermoid cyst.

Pre-hospital care: demography, current profile and future trends: Improving the health of traumatic brain injury patients

Introduction. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem throughout the world. It is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability as a consequence results in a great financial burden on societies. Damage to the brain following trauma does not occur only at the moment of injury but also develops over a period of hours to days with the further secondary insult of the brain. Methods. This was a prospective study done between April 2017 to March 2019. A total of 2134 patients were enrolled for this study with a collection of data in a formatted proforma. All the patients of trauma with clinical or radiological evidence of head injury coming to the trauma centre were included. Results. In our study patient, mortality was 6.79% in patients receiving pre-hospital care compared to 12.03% in patients not receiving adequate pre-hospital care. 29.42% were in the age group of 21–30 years. RTA (overall 64.45%) was the most common mode of injury in the age group 21–30 years with 81.36% cases. Mortality in first emergency care provider by ambulance paramedics was 5.69% and member of the public was 10.10%.  Conclusion. It was observed that mortality was higher in patients not receiving adequate pre-hospital care. Early resuscitation facilities at the site of the accident have to be introduced and improved with the execution of rapid transportation to trauma care centres

Energy Efficient Routing Protocol in Novel Schemes for Performance Evaluation

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a comparatively new revolutionary technology that has the potential to revolutionize how we live together with the present system. To enhance data archiving, WSNs are frequently used in scientific studies. Many applications have proved the value of wired sensors; however, they are prone to wire cutting or damage. While preventing wire tangles and damage, wireless sensor networks provide autonomous monitoring. The WS network suffers from a number of fundamental restrictions, including insufficient processing power, storage space, available bandwidth, and information exchange. Consequently, energy-efficient strategies are necessary for maximizing the performance and lifespan of WSNs. As a result, the special cluster head relay node and energy balancing techniques will be applied to deal with WSN energy consumptions. This extends the life of the network. In wireless sensor networks, clustering is a smart approach to reduce energy consumption. Energy scarcity and consumption are serious issues that must be addressed with effective and dependable solutions. The proposed MGSA considers the distance between each node and its corresponding CHs, as well as the residual energy and delay, as important factors in the relay node selection. The proposed approach outperforms the current methods, such as low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy, LEACH (in terms of data delivery rate), energy efficiency, and network longevity. The next level, which will boost the efficiency of wireless sensor networks, with two fitness functions, is proposed. The cluster head (CH) is in charge of collecting and transmitting data from all other cluster nodes. The flow of the consistency of the cluster head selection process will beat the improved data delivery rate, energy efficiency, recommended fuzzy clustering performance experiments, and assessments. As a result, energy-efficient operations are necessary to maximize the WSN performance and lifespan

Energy Efficient Routing Protocol in Novel Schemes for Performance Evaluation

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a comparatively new revolutionary technology that has the potential to revolutionize how we live together with the present system. To enhance data archiving, WSNs are frequently used in scientific studies. Many applications have proved the value of wired sensors; however, they are prone to wire cutting or damage. While preventing wire tangles and damage, wireless sensor networks provide autonomous monitoring. The WS network suffers from a number of fundamental restrictions, including insufficient processing power, storage space, available bandwidth, and information exchange. Consequently, energy-efficient strategies are necessary for maximizing the performance and lifespan of WSNs. As a result, the special cluster head relay node and energy balancing techniques will be applied to deal with WSN energy consumptions. This extends the life of the network. In wireless sensor networks, clustering is a smart approach to reduce energy consumption. Energy scarcity and consumption are serious issues that must be addressed with effective and dependable solutions. The proposed MGSA considers the distance between each node and its corresponding CHs, as well as the residual energy and delay, as important factors in the relay node selection. The proposed approach outperforms the current methods, such as low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy, LEACH (in terms of data delivery rate), energy efficiency, and network longevity. The next level, which will boost the efficiency of wireless sensor networks, with two fitness functions, is proposed. The cluster head (CH) is in charge of collecting and transmitting data from all other cluster nodes. The flow of the consistency of the cluster head selection process will beat the improved data delivery rate, energy efficiency, recommended fuzzy clustering performance experiments, and assessments. As a result, energy-efficient operations are necessary to maximize the WSN performance and lifespan

Anti-SARS-CoV natural products with the potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), known to cause the disease COVID-19, was declared a pandemic in early 2020. The objective of this review was to collate information regarding the potential of plants and natural products to inhibit coronavirus and targets associated with infection in humans and to highlight known drugs, which may have potential activity against SARS-CoV-2. Due to the similarity in the RNA genome, main proteases, and primary host receptor between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, a review was conducted on plants and secondary metabolites, which have shown activity against SARS-CoV. Numerous scientific reports on the potential of plants and secondary metabolites against SARS-CoV infection were found, providing important information on their possible activity against SARS-CoV-2. Based on current literature, 83 compounds have been identified with the potential to inhibit COVID-19. The most prominent selectivity was found for the alkaloid, lycorine, the lignan, savinin, and the abietane terpenoid, 8-beta-hydroxyabieta-9(11),13-dien-12-one with selectivity index values greater than 945, 667, and 510, respectively. Plants and their secondary metabolites, with activity against targets associated with the SARS-CoV infection, could provide valuable leads for the development into drugs for the novel SARS-CoV-2. The prospects of using computational methods to screen secondary metabolites against SARS-CoV targets are briefly discussed, and the drawbacks have been highlighted. Finally, we discuss plants traditionally used in Southern Africa for symptoms associated with respiratory viral infections and influenza, such as coughs, fever, and colds. However, only a few of these plants have been screened against SARS-CoV. Natural products hold a prominent role in discovering novel therapeutics to mitigate the current COVID-19 pandemic; however, further investigations regarding in vitro, in vivo, pre-clinical, and clinical phases are still required.http://frontiersin.org/Pharmacologypm2020Plant Production and Soil Scienc

Membrane stabilisation: a possible anti-inflammatory mechanism for the extracts and compounds from <i>Spathodea campanulata</i>

<div><p>This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficiency of extract, fractions and pure molecules from <i>Spathodea campanulata</i> (SC) towards inflammation. Polarity-based extracts of SC were found active in stabilising red blood cell (RBC) membrane indicating anti-inflammatory potential. Bioactivity-guided isolation of SC produced 1-<i>O</i>-(<i>E</i>)-caffeoyl-β-gentiobiose and (2<i>S</i>)-1,2-di-<i>O</i>-[(9<i>Z</i>,12<i>Z</i>,15<i>Z</i>)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyl]-3-<i>O</i>-[α-d-galctopyranosyl-(1″ → 6′)-<i>O</i>-β-d-galactopyranosyl] glycerol as the active constituents with 65.91% and 67.41% of membrane stability, respectively. Activity of the third compound (verminoside) could not be ascertained owing to extremely low recoverability. Furthermore, the isolated compounds were subjected to <i>in silico</i> studies. The compounds showed good binding affinity towards cyclooxygenase-2. Absorption, distribution, metabolism & excretion (ADME)-toxicity studies illustrated that the isolated compounds are free of toxicity. These observations help us to conclude that SC might exert its anti-inflammatory activity by soothing the RBC membrane as it is the case for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs towards lysozomal membranes. Therefore, SC might be considered as a potential candidate for development of anti-inflammatory drugs.</p></div