Median and range percentages of sequences represented in the fecal DNA of rectal swab samples from foals (Phylum, class, order, and family).

<p>Fecal swab samples were collected from 37 Quarter Horse foals on days 2 and 30 of life. *P values represent the results of Wilcoxon sign-rank tests for paired differences, adjusted by the method of Hochberg. NP  =  Not Performed.</p

Median and range proportion of foals with sequences detected in the fecal DNA of rectal swab samples (Phylum, class, order, and family).

<p>Fecal swab samples collected from 37 Quarter Horse foals on days 2 and 30 of life. *P values represent the results of McNemar’s test for paired dichotomous data, adjusted by the method of Hochberg. NP  =  Not Performed.</p

Rarefaction analysis of 16 S rRNA gene sequences obtained from fecal swabs from foals.

<p>Lines represent the average of each vaccination group at all ages (panel A) or at 30 days only (panel B), while the error bars represent the standard deviations. The analysis was performed on a randomly selected subset of 1,300 sequences per sample and included samples from 42 foals. Note that both the greatest and least number of species observed occurred among foals that received no enteral bacteria (live or inactivated), indicating an absence of evidence of treatment effect. Control  =  control plus CTB group; Control_no_CTO  =  control without CTB group; High  =  high-dose inactivated <i>R. equi</i> group; Live  =  live <i>R. equi</i> group; Low  =  low-dose inactivated <i>R. equi</i> group.</p

Results of qPCR analysis.

<p>Median (range) of log DNA. *P value for Wilcoxon rank-sum test comparing differences between ages day 30 and day 2, adjusted by the method of Hochberg.</p

Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of unweighted UniFrac distances of 16 S rRNA genes.

<p>Analysis for 42 foals in groups control with CTB (red square), control without CTB (yellow triangle), low-dose inactivated <i>R. equi</i> (dark blue triangle), high-dose inactivated <i>R. equi</i> 2 (green dot), and live <i>R. equi</i> (light blue triangle) at 2 and 30 days of age (ANOSIM, P = 0.236). The 3 panels represent the comparison of the first 2 principal components (A), the second and third principal components (B), and the first and third principal components (C). The pattern in the panel A is attributable to effects of age (please see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0066640#pone-0066640-g004" target="_blank">Figures 4</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0066640#pone-0066640-g005" target="_blank">5</a>).</p

Additional file 1 of High levels of soluble RAGE are associated with a greater risk of mortality in COVID-19 patients treated with dexamethasone

Additional file 1. Supplementary methods

Summary of alpha diversity measures.

<p>Summary of alpha diversity measures.</p

Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of unweighted UniFrac distances of 16 S rRNA genes.

<p>Analysis for 42 foals in groups control with CTB (red square), control without CTB (yellow triangle), low-dose inactivated <i>R. equi</i> (dark blue triangle), high-dose inactivated <i>R. equi</i> 2 (green dot), and live <i>R. equi</i> (light blue triangle) at 30 days of age only. Differences among groups were not significant (ANOSIM, P = 0.449). The 3 panels represent the comparison of the first 2 principal components (A), the second and third principal components (B), and the first and third principal components (C).</p

Additional file 2 of High levels of soluble RAGE are associated with a greater risk of mortality in COVID-19 patients treated with dexamethasone

Additional file 2. Table S1. Relationships between sRAGE, NEWS2 and IL-6. Table S2. Univariate analysis for potential predictors of mortality in dexamethasone-treated COVID-19 patients. Table S3. Performance of sRAGE and NEWS2 in their ability to predict mortality in dexamethasone-treated COVID-19 patient