Coupling of strain and magnetism in manganite-based complex oxide heterostructures

Complex oxide thin films and heterostructures offer a wide range of properties originating from the intrinsic coupling between lattice strain and magnetic/electronic ordering. This article reviews experimental, phenomenological, and theoretical analyses of the coupling of strain with electronic and magnetic properties of mixed valence manganite heterostructures. The influence of epitaxial strain on the magnetic properties of manganite films is measured using macroscopic magnetization measurements and shown mixed reports suggesting, both, an increase and decrease in ferromagnetic phases on the application of the strain. Using polarized neutron reflectivity (PNR), a simultaneous measurement of transport and magnetic properties of manganite thin films showed direct evidence of modification in the magnetic properties on the application of bending strain. The coupling coefficient of strain and magnetism of manganite heterostructures was estimated using PNR, which not only helped to understand the correlation of elastic strain with magnetism but also explained the condition of magnetic phase order change in the phase-separated systems within a phenomenological Ginzburg Landau theory. An overview is also provided of the current perspectives and existing studies on the influence of strain on structure, electronic, magnetic, magnetic anisotropy, phase coexistence and magnetocaloric properties of mixed valence manganite heterostructures. Based on the understanding of a diverse range of perovskite functionalities, detailed perspectives on how the coupling of strain and magnetism open up pathways toward the emergence of novel device design features including the different ways of applying uniform strain, are discussed.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1509.00912, arXiv:1009.4548 by other author

Strange Nonchaotic Attractors

Aperiodic dynamics which is nonchaotic is realized on Strange Nonchaotic attractors (SNAs). Such attractors are generic in quasiperiodically driven nonlinear systems, and like strange attractors, are geometrically fractal. The largest Lyapunov exponent is zero or negative: trajectories do not show exponential sensitivity to initial conditions. In recent years, SNAs have been seen in a number of diverse experimental situations ranging from quasiperiodically driven mechanical or electronic systems to plasma discharges. An important connection is the equivalence between a quasiperiodically driven system and the Schr\"odinger equation for a particle in a related quasiperiodic potential, giving a correspondence between the localized states of the quantum problem with SNAs in the related dynamical system. In this review we discuss the main conceptual issues in the study of SNAs, including the different bifurcations or routes for the creation of such attractors, the methods of characterization, and the nature of dynamical transitions in quasiperiodically forced systems. The variation of the Lyapunov exponent, and the qualitative and quantitative aspects of its local fluctuation properties, has emerged as an important means of studying fractal attractors, and this analysis finds useful application here. The ubiquity of such attractors, in conjunction with their several unusual properties, suggest novel applications.Comment: 34 pages, 9 figures(5 figures are in ps format and four figures are in gif format

Position and Prospects of Black Farmers in the South

Almost 94 percent of black farms in the United States have been lost since 1920, and the remaining 57,271 farms constituted only 2.3 percent of all farms in 1978. Most (95 percent) black farm operators were located in the South. However, they constituted only 5.4 percent of all farm operators in the South. Since 1959, there have been some dramatic changes not only in the number of black farms but in their composition also. Ninety three percent of the South\u27s black farmers were small, both in size and product sales, and they operated only 1.4 percent of all operated land. These black farmers were older than their white counterparts and worked fewer days off-farm. Thus most black operated farms in the South were small and they faced several unique problems along with those problems faced by other small farmers. The paper identifies, compares, and contrasts resources and characteristics of black farm operators in the 14 southern states. Relevant unpublished and published census OF agriculture data were used to provide insights into the black farmers in the South. This article provides background material for researchers and policy makers and attempts to identify those voids which may receive emphasis in future work

Incidence, Magnitude, and Determinants of Off-Farm Income in Tennessee and the South

The major objectives of this study are to identify the incidence and magnitude of of f-farm income in Tennessee and the South and to determine factors affecting off-farm income of a select group of farm families. Regression models were estimated using cross-sectional data collected from 193 randomly selected farm families in two Tennessee counties. Two models were estimated: the first, for the farm operator\u27s off-farm income; and the second, for the total off-farm income of the family. The study revealed various socioeconomic factors affecting total off-farm family income and operator\u27s off-farm income. Elasticities were also determined for each of the independent variables at their mean values to determine responsiveness of the off-farm income to changes in the independent variables

Long-term results of patients with type 2 diabetes attending a multidisciplinary diabetes kidney disease clinic

Background: Diabetic and chronic kidney disease together tend to worsen the outcomes. A newer approach to treat both the comorbid disease can slow down the prognosis of both the disease leading to quality of life. Aim: To evaluate the outcomes when the patients are treated simultaneously for chronic kidney disease and diabetes at a diabetic kidney disease clinic MethodS: The study was conducted amongst two group of patient. The first group had diabetes and chronic kidney diseases. Doctors treating the diabetes referred these patients to a diabetic kidney disease clinic. While the other group of patients were not treated at diabetic kidney disease center but they had comparable diabetes and chronic kidney disease. The prognosis was tracked in both the groups; the kidney of the patients was monitored if it had reach stage 5 kidney disease and the glomerular filtration rate was less than 1.5 milliliter per minute and per 1.73 m2. Result: During the follow up the reports of the patients were analyzed it was observed that the 49.4% patients had reached chronic kidney disease stage 5 who were treated at the diabetic kidney disease clinic. 55.5% of the patients of the patients not treated at diabetic kidney disease clinic reached the chronic kidney disease stage 5. When the difference was compared statistically it was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: From this study it is concluded that when patients are treated for chronic kidney disease and diabetes simultaneously the prognosis towards the end stage kidney is delayed. When multidisciplinary clinics focus on the management of diabetes and kidney disease it can add years of quality life for the patients. Recommendation: Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors are strongly recommended for patients with diabetes, hypertension, and albuminuria

Isometric torque affected by its position and posture

A hand cranking mechanical frictional setup was developed using anthropometric dimensions of Madhya Pradesh farm women.  The setup had a provision for attaching on-line torque transducer. Variable crank length was provided that could be adjusted as per the farm women (workers).  The setup had also a provision for rising up and down to match workers’ conditions. Isometric torque was measured at each quadrant positions of handle (0°, 90°, 180° and 270°) at different crank lengths (17.5, 21, 24, 27 and 30 cm).  Higher torque was developed by farm women in standing posture as compared to sitting.  The crank length up to 27 cm gave better torque at nearly all positions.  The lowest torque may be considered for designing the equipment amongst all positions of handle so that human being could easily operate the equipment