Polymerase chain reaction and real-time PCR parameters for amplification of hydrolytic microorganisms and hydrogenotrophic methanogens in anaerobic bioreactor

246-252The objective of the present research is to envisage microbial assorted variety in the reactor through systems of general polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR, which can be further applied for production of methane using anaerobic reactor by employing vegetable waste as a feed. The outcomes proposed the names of species identified with the hydrolytic microorganisms, for example, Bacillus subtilis and hydrogenotrophic methanogenic archaea like i.e. Methano culleus and i.e. Methano corpusculum of the methanogenic microbes. Results demonstrated that, presence of methanogenic archaea in the reactor was confirmed using general PCR

Microbial degradation of dyes: an overview

"Available online 28 June 2020."Industrialization increases use of dyes due to its high demand in paper, cosmetic, textile, leather and food industries. This in turn would increase wastewater generation from dye industrial activities. Various dyes and its structural compounds present in dye industrial wastewater have harmful effects on plants, animals and humans. Synthetic dyes are more resistant than natural dyes to physical and chemical methods for remediation which makes them more difficult to get decolorize. Microbial degradation has been researched and reviewed largely for quicker dye degradation. Genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) play important role in achieving complete dye degradation. This paper provides scientific and technical information about dyes & dye intermediates and biodegradation of azo dye. It also compiles information about factors affecting dye(s) biodegradation, role of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in process of dye(s) degradation and perspectives in this field of research.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Bio-based rhamnolipids production and recovery from waste streams: Status and Perspectives

Bio-based rhamnolipid production from waste streams is gaining momentum nowadays because of increasing market demand, huge range of applications and its economic and environment friendly nature. Rhamnolipid type biosurfactants are produced by microorganisms as secondary metabolites and have been used to reduce surface/interfacial tension between two different phases. Biosurfactants have been reported to be used as an alternative to chemical surfactants.Pseudomonas sp.has been frequently used for production of rhamnolipid. Various wastes can be used in production of rhamnolipid. Rhamnolipids are widely used in various industrial applications. The present review provides information about structure and nature of rhamnolipid, production using different waste materials and scale-up of rhamnolipid production. It also provides comprehensive literature on various industrial applications along with perspectives and challenges in this research area.Authors are grateful to the management of Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India for providing necessary facilities to perform literature review presented in this paper.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Biodegradation of sulfanilic acid using Bacillus cereus AAA2018 from textile industry effluent contaminated soil

Biodegradation of hazardous aromatic compounds is emerging as a potential tool for reduction of environmental pollution due to their high toxicity and complex synthetic nature. In this study textile effluent was used as a microbial source for aerobic degradation of sulfanilic acid. Two adaptation techniques were followed to maximize uptake of sulfanilic acid, provided as a carbon and nitrogen source. The continuous enrichment and acclimatization media techniques were carried out for 20 days, respectively and both samples were screened for better degradation efficiency. The isolates were found to be similar to the colonies obtained from effluent. Sulfanilic acid degrading organism was identified as Bacillus cereus AAA2018 using 16S rRNA sequencing. Similarly, study was done for fungal strain Aspergillus japonicas. The bacterial strain showed subsequent reduction of sulfanilic acid at minimal salt concentration, whereas A. japonicus showed very little degradation efficiency comparatively. The comparative study of biodegradation capacity of sulfanilic acid was confirmed using GCMS in which product degradation profile of both bacterial and fungal strains included Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and Phenol 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethyethyl) which gives an explanation for decrease in growth of bacterial culture as DMSO act as strong antibacterial agent

Engineering biocatalytic material for the remediation of pollutants: a comprehensive review

Bioremediation through biotechnological interventions has attracted more attention among researchers in field of environmental pollution control and abatement. Various cutting-edge studies in area of protein engineering and synthetic biology offer a new platform for creation of innovative, advanced biological materials for its beneficial role in environmental pollution mitigation. Biocatalysis especially receives considerable attention as sustainable approach to resource recovery from waste along with elimination of pollutants. This paper focuses on updated developments in engineering of biocatalytic substances which can degrade pollutants of emerging concern. It also explains various classes of biocatalysts, their mechanisms of immobilization, and applications in terms of environmental pollutant remediation. Opportunities and challenges for future research have also been discussed

Remediation processes for petroleum oil polluted soil

157-163Oil spill either marine or terrestrial is a real concern to human health and environmental safety. The adverse impacts on economy, environment, human health and society have been documented in case of both offshore and onshore oil spills. Oil spillage on soil greatly impacts surrounding environments, which highlights urgent need for effective removal of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants from polluted soil. Existing conventional physico-chemical methods of crude oil polluted soil remediation suffer from severe constrains, such as, low efficiency, high operational cost and large amount of sludge generation. Over the last three decades, considerable work has been done with the goal of applying microorganisms as bioremediation agents to treat oil polluted soils. In recent years, the focus of the research has been on a combination of methods used for remediation of petroleum oil polluted soil. The present paper provides selective overview of past and present scenario of using various remediation processes for removal of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants from crude oil polluted soil. Updated information on integration of various remediation methods, viz., physical-chemical, physical-biological and biological-chemical is also discussed

Crude oil degradation by <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> NCIM 5514: Influence of process parameters

493-497Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution is a major environmental concern in developing countries as these pollutants cause hazardous effects to the ecosystems and environment. Green technologies using microorganisms for remediation of these pollutants have gained considerable attention. Petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants degrading and biosurfactant producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCIM 5514 was isolated from crude oil polluted site of Ankleshwar, Gujarat, India. Effect of agitation, temperature, pH, NaCl concentration, petroleum and non-petroleum carbon source and its concentrations, nitrogen sources and inoculum ratio on growth of P. aeruginosa NCIM 5514 were studied. Optimum growth of P. aeruginosa NCIM 5514 was observed at 1% (w/v) glucose, pH 7.2, incubation at 37°C at 180 rpm with 1% (v/v) inoculum for four days. However, this organism also utilized crude oil and glycerol as sole carbon source. Thus, P. aeruginosa used in the presented study here appeared as a mesophilic, halotolerant, aerobic, crude oil utilizer strain. Bioaugmentation studies of this bacterial isolate would help exploring its commercial feasibility in bioremediation of subsurface oil spill

Comprehensive review on toxicity of persistent organic pollutants from petroleum refinery waste and their degradation by microorganisms

Control and prevention of environmental pollution has become a worldwide issue of concern. Aromatic hydrocarbons including benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene (BTEX) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs), released into the environment mainly by exploration activities of petroleum industry. These pollutants are mutagenic, carcinogenic, immunotoxic and teratogenic to lower and higher forms of life i.e. microorganisms to humans. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is carcinogenic in laboratory animals and humans. Aromatic hydrocarbons are highly lipid soluble and thus readily absorbed from environment in gastrointestinal tract of mammals. Treatment and remediation of petroleum refinery waste have been shown either to reduce or to eliminate genotoxicity of these pollutants. Bioremediation by using microorganisms to treat this waste is showing a promising technology as it is safe and cost-effective option among various technologies tested. The main aim of this review is to provide contemporary information on variety of aromatic hydrocarbons present in crude oil (with special focus to mono- and poly-aromatic hydrocarbons), exposure routes and their adverse effects on humans. This review also provides a synthesis of scientific literature on remediation technologies available for aromatic hydrocarbons, knowledge gaps and future research developments in this field. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Synthesis, characterization and application of zinc oxide nanocomposite for dye removal from textile industrial wastewater

498-503Dye effluents from textile units with azo compounds, heavy metals viz., Cu, Cd, Zn, Ni and Pb and other highly suspended solids contaminate the environment by releasing toxic and potential carcinogenic substances into the water bodies. Though there are various chemical and physical processes available for removal of such contaminants, their efficiency still needs improvement. In this study, we explored the efficiency of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocomposites on the removal of dyes from synthetic and textile industrial effluents. ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical reduction method using zinc nitrate and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD results have shown the average size of nanoparticles to be ~20 nm. Size and shape of ZnO nanoparticles were confirmed by SEM. ZnO nanocomposite was prepared by incorporating ZnO nanoparticles with chitosan. Under optimum process conditions of initial dye concentration of 600 ppm, the ZnO nanocomposite dosage of 0.9 mg/mL at 30°C and pH 6, ZnO nanocomposite exhibited 99% of dye removal from synthetic and textile industrial effluent. However, process conditions were slightly differed when industrial effluent was used. The results suggested that ZnO nanocomposite could be used as an adsorbent for removal of dyes from industrial wastewater

Introduction to Waste Bioremediation

Incomplete discharge of waste materials into the environment is of concern due to its slow degradability, highly soluble and biomagnification features in animals and plants. Conventional treatment techniques include chemical precipitation, ion-exchange, reverse osmosis and combustion are effective but energy intensive and consumes huge amounts of chemicals which may give rise to secondary problems such as spillage, corrosion and toxicity. The application of biological approach notably from use of microorganisms is an interesting alternative. Microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast and algae are known to survive in waste-containing environments owing to its ability to reduce, accumulate, sequester, absorb and oxidize different types of waste materials into forms, mostly making it less soluble and easily precipitated, that is, less toxic to the environment. This monograph covers biological approaches to remediate waste generated from various industries such as petroleum, electronic, textile, electroplating and landfill site(s). The role of microbes in composting and anaerobic digestion processes is also discussed. Apart from this effectiveness of microbes living in legumes of plant to remediate toxic heavy metals are also reported