Modified Faine's criteria.

<p>A presumptive diagnosis of leptospirosis may be made if: (i) Score of Part A+Part B = 26 or more (Part C laboratory report is usually not available before fifth day of illness; thus it is mainly a clinical and epidemiologic diagnosis during early part of disease) or Part A+Part B+Part C≥25.</p><p>A score between 20 and 25: Suggests a possible but unconfirmed diagnosis of leptospirosis.</p

Laboratory parameters of 86 patients at time of diagnosis and hospital stay.

*<p>In 68 cases ranged from 60 IU to 200 IU, in two cases was >200 IU.</p>**<p>In 64 cases, between 2–8 mg/dl, in 2 cases >8 mg/dl.</p

Epidemiological pattern and age group of 86 leptospirosis patients.

*<p>Documented history of travel to known endemic areas alongwith history of unprotected bathing in ponds of those areas.</p

Time trends in leptospirosis.

<p>(A) Percentage of leptospirosis patients among those with acute febrile illnesses. (B) Month- and year-wise distribution of cases. * Total number of leptospirosis patients was 232 (9 in 2004, 17 in 2005, 25 in 2006, 74 in 2007, and 107 in 2008).</p

Area of residence of 86 patients of leptospirosis in India.

<p>Area of residence of 86 patients of leptospirosis in India.</p

Warthin Starry stain showing <i>Leptospira</i> in the tubular cells of the kidney.

<p>Warthin Starry stain showing <i>Leptospira</i> in the tubular cells of the kidney.</p

Clinical features of 86 leptospirosis patients.

<p>Clinical features of 86 leptospirosis patients.</p

Complications of leptospirosis cases while in hospital.

*<p>Mild ascitis and mild to moderate pleural effusion mainly detected in chest X-ray and ultrasonographic investigations.</p>**<p>33 cases presented with altered sensorium and 32 with headache. 10 cases of these cases could be definitely categorized as neuroleptospirosis, as evidenced by CT finding of diffuse cerebral edema, generalized seizures, neck rigidity, or neurological deficits.</p

Epidemiological risk factors found in the 86 leptospirosis patients.

<p>Epidemiological risk factors found in the 86 leptospirosis patients.</p

Presence of anti-MS and/or anti-MPT51 antibodies in HIV⁺TB⁻ subjects at high-risk or low-risk for TB:

<p>Sera from healthy PPD⁺/PPD⁻ subjects, asymptomatic HIV⁺TB⁻ subjects at high-risk for TB (HR) and asymptomatic HIV⁺TB⁻ subjects at low-risk (LR) for TB was tested for presence of anti-MS and -MPT51 antibodies (A). Presence of these biomarkers in sera from HIV⁺TB⁻, HR subjects with different CD4⁺ T cell numbers (B), and in sera from HIV⁺TB⁻, LR subjects with different CD4⁺ T cell numbers (C). In all figures, bars with diagonal lines represent anti-MS and bars with dots represent anti-MPT51 antibodies. Additive reactivity of both biomarkers is represented by solid black bars. Numbers in parenthesis indicate number of subjects in each group.</p