InGaN/GaN Blue Light Emitting Diodes Using Freestanding GaN Extracted from a Si Substrate

We demonstrate the first InGaN/GaN blue light emitting diodes (LEDs) on freestanding GaN grown using a Si substrate. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the InGaN/GaN multi quantum wells (MQWs) on freestanding GaN grown using Si substrates have excellent structural properties suitable for high-performance optical devices. Photoluminescence measurements confirm the high crystal quality of the InGaN/GaN MQWs and remarkable emission wavelength uniformity with a standard deviation of 0.68%. Light–current–voltage characteristics indicate that the InGaN/GaN LEDs on freestanding GaN grown using a Si substrate exhibit a forward voltage of 3.75 V at a current of 20 mA and rectifying characteristics with very low leakage current and high breakdown voltage. Furthermore, they provide stable blue electroluminescence (λ = 460 nm) with a small variation in the emission wavelength of 0.2% over a 2 in. area. The internal quantum efficiency of InGaN/GaN LEDs on freestanding GaN grown using Si substrates is remarkable at ∼80%. Despite using Si substrates as the support, the optoelectronic properties of the InGaN/GaN LEDs are outstanding. We believe that the InGaN/GaN LEDs based on freestanding GaN crystals extracted from Si substrates are promising for the development of GaN-based high-performance devices

Body Mass Index-Related Mortality in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Heterogeneity in Obesity Paradox Studies: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis

<div><p>Objective</p><p>We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies to quantify the association between body mass index (BMI) and the risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We included studies assessing the impact of BMI on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Data were combined using a random-effects dose-response model.</p><p>Results</p><p>Sixteen cohort studies on all-cause mortality (n = 445,125) and two studies on cardiovascular mortality (n = 92,841) were evaluated in the meta-analysis. A non-linear association was observed between BMI and all-cause mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes. With a BMI nadir of 28–30 kg/m², the risk of all-cause mortality displayed a U-shaped increase. With a BMI nadir of 29–31 kg/m², the risk of cardiovascular mortality exhibited a gradual non-linear increase for BMI > 31 kg/m². Subgroup analyses suggested that study location, diabetes duration, and smoking history may have contributed to heterogeneity among the studies.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>An obesity paradox exists for patients with type 2 diabetes with respect to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Study location, diabetes duration, and smoking history might contribute to heterogeneity among obesity paradox studies of patients with type 2 diabetes.</p></div

Flow diagram for the selection of studies.

<p>Flow diagram for the selection of studies.</p

Subgroup analysis plots displaying non-linear dose-response relationships between body mass index (BMI) and all-cause mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes using pooled data from studies performed in (A) Western countries or (B) Asia, as well as those involving (C) patients with incident diabetes and (D) patients without smoking histories.

<p>Subgroup analysis plots displaying non-linear dose-response relationships between body mass index (BMI) and all-cause mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes using pooled data from studies performed in (A) Western countries or (B) Asia, as well as those involving (C) patients with incident diabetes and (D) patients without smoking histories.</p

Characteristics of Studies Included in the Analysis.

<p>Characteristics of Studies Included in the Analysis.</p

Distribution of hazard ratios of subgroups based on dipstick proteinuria categories and presence of metabolic diseases.

<p>The Cox regression model is adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise. Hazard ratios are calculated using the subgroup without proteinuria and metabolic diseases (hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidemia) as a reference. Closed diamonds represent hazard ratios of subgroups without metabolic diseases, and open squares represent hazard ratios of subgroups with at least one metabolic disease. Error bars display 95% confidence intervals.</p

Association between dipstick proteinuria and all-cause mortality.

<p>Association between dipstick proteinuria and all-cause mortality.</p

All-cause mortality according to various covariates and dipstick proteinuria levels.

<p>All-cause mortality according to various covariates and dipstick proteinuria levels.</p

sj-doc-1-dhj-10.1177_20552076231187602 - Supplemental material for Effectiveness of a personalized digital exercise and nutrition-based rehab program for patients with gastric cancer after surgery: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Supplemental material, sj-doc-1-dhj-10.1177_20552076231187602 for Effectiveness of a personalized digital exercise and nutrition-based rehab program for patients with gastric cancer after surgery: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial by Inah Kim, Ji Young Lim, Jong Kwang Kim, Jun Ho Lee, Tae Sung Sohn, Sungsoo Park, Seok Ho Kang, Ji Youl Lee and Ji Hye Hwang in DIGITAL HEALTH</p