The multi-group mediation model with offline compulsive buying as the outcome and its standardized path coefficients for T1, T2 and T3, respectively.

Note. *p T1 = 377.307, χ²T2 = 255.708, χ²T3 = 322.092], df = 420, RMSEA = 0.052 [0.048–0.056], SRMR = 0.044, CFI = 0.961, TLI = 0.960. Standardized indirect effect was 0.188 (p (DOCX)</p

Changes in the number of new COVID cases in the U.S., the level of COVID-related distress, and compulsive buying throughout the period of data collection.

Note. COSS = Compulsive Online Shopping Scale. T1 = day 14 –day 80 of the pandemic (03/26/2020–06/01/2020); T2 = day 81 –day 140 of the pandemic (06/02/2020–07/17/2020); T3 = day 141 –day 206 of the pandemic (07/18/2020–10/02/2020). Lines were smoothed to reduce noise in the presentation of the data. Source for the number of new COVID cases in the U.S.: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/download-todays-data-geographic-distribution-covid-19-cases-worldwide.</p

Study participant recruitment process.

Study participant recruitment process.</p

Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlations of the assessed measures.

Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlations of the assessed measures.</p

Gender differences of the assessed measures.

Note. CISS task = Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations task-focused coping subscale; CISS emot. = Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations emotion-focused coping subscale; COSS = Compulsive Online Shopping Scale; BSAS = Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale; SES = Subjective socio-economic status. (DOCX)</p