Supplemental material for Ultrasonographic optic nerve sheath diameter to detect increased intracranial pressure in adults: a meta-analysis

<p>Supplemental material for Ultrasonographic optic nerve sheath diameter to detect increased intracranial pressure in adults: a meta-analysis by Sung-Eun Kim, Eun Pyo Hong, Heung Cheol Kim, Si Un Lee and Jin Pyeong Jeon in Acta Radiologica</p

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Time-course microarray analysis for identifying candidate genes involved in obesity-associated pathological changes in the mouse colon

Composition of the experimental diets

Additional file 2: Table S2. of Time-course microarray analysis for identifying candidate genes involved in obesity-associated pathological changes in the mouse colon

Food intake and food efficiency ratio of C57BL/6N mice fed normal or high-fat diet for 12 weeks. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 10/group). Asterisks indicate significant differences between mice in the two diet groups according to Student’s t test (*P < 0.001)

Additional file 3: Figure S1. of Time-course microarray analysis for identifying candidate genes involved in obesity-associated pathological changes in the mouse colon

Two-dimensional hierarchical clustering analysis of fold changes in gene expression during the development of diet-induced obesity in a normal diet- and b high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6N mice. A color gradient from green to red indicates low- and high-fold change, respectively

Additional file 5: Table S4. of Time-course microarray analysis for identifying candidate genes involved in obesity-associated pathological changes in the mouse colon

Biological processes associated with high-fat diet-responsive genes at different time points in the colon tissue of C57BL/6N mice

Additional file 4: Table S3. of Time-course microarray analysis for identifying candidate genes involved in obesity-associated pathological changes in the mouse colon

Genes affected by high-fat diet at different time points in the colon tissue of C57BL/6N mice. Log2 fold change of ≥1 or ≤−1 corresponds to a fold change of ≥2 or ≤−2, respectively, based on a comparison between high-fat diet- and normal diet-fed mice at each time point (P < 0.05)

Genome-wide analysis identifies colonic genes differentially associated with serum leptin and insulin concentrations in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet

<div><p>Obesity-induced chronic inflammation is known to increase the risk of ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, and colorectal cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests that leptin and insulin are key molecules linking obesity with diseases of the lower intestine. Here, we identified serum phenotype-associated genes in the colon of diet-induced obese mice as early biomarkers of obesity-associated colonic diseases. C57BL/6J mice were fed with either normal diet (ND, 15% of fat calories) or high-fat diet (HFD, 45% of fat calories) for 8 weeks. Serum concentrations of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), leptin, and adiponectin were measured as obesity-related phenotypic markers. Genome-wide gene expression profiles of colon tissue were determined, followed by statistical analyses to detect differentially expressed and serum phenotype-associated genes. HFD-fed mice showed higher serum concentrations of leptin (P < 0.001) and insulin (P < 0.01) than those in the ND group, whereas serum IGF-1 and adiponectin concentrations did not differ between the two dietary groups. Among differentially expressed genes affected by HFD, 135, 128, 110, and 341 genes were associated with serum levels of leptin, insulin, IGF-1, and adiponectin, respectively. We identified 17 leptin-associated genes and 4 insulin-associated genes that inversely responded to HFD and ND. Among these, leptin-associated <i>Peli3</i> (Pellino E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 3), <i>Creb1</i> (cAMP responsive element binding protein 1), and <i>Enpp2</i> (ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2, autotaxin) and insulin-associated <i>Centg1</i> (AGAP2, ArfGAP with GTPase domain) are reported to play a role either in obesity or colonic diseases. mRNA expression of these genes was validated by RT-qPCR. Our data suggest <i>Peli3</i>, <i>Creb1</i>, <i>Enpp2</i>, and <i>Centg1</i> as potential early biomarker candidates for obesity-induced pathophysiological changes in the colon. Future studies verifying the function of these candidates are needed for the prevention, early detection, and treatment of colon diseases.</p></div

Composition of the experimental diets (g/kg diet)^a.

<p>Composition of the experimental diets (g/kg diet)<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0171664#t001fn001" target="_blank">^a</a>.</p

mRNA expression of genes associated with serum leptin and insulin concentrations in C57BL/6J mice.

<p>The expression of genes related with serum leptin (<b>A</b> to <b>C</b>) and insulin (<b>D</b>) concentrations was analyzed by RT-qPCR to validate the microarray-based expression results of these genes. The results were normalized to GAPDH mRNA expression. The data are expressed as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, statistically significant compared with the normal diet group.</p

Final body weight, tissue weight, and serum phenotypes in high-fat diet fed C57BL/6J mice.

<p>Final body weight, tissue weight, and serum phenotypes in high-fat diet fed C57BL/6J mice.</p