Large Language Models for Semantic Monitoring of Corporate Disclosures: A Case Study on Korea's Top 50 KOSPI Companies

In the rapidly advancing domain of artificial intelligence, state-of-the-art language models such as OpenAI's GPT-3.5-turbo and GPT-4 offer unprecedented opportunities for automating complex tasks. This research paper delves into the capabilities of these models for semantically analyzing corporate disclosures in the Korean context, specifically for timely disclosure. The study focuses on the top 50 publicly traded companies listed on the Korean KOSPI, based on market capitalization, and scrutinizes their monthly disclosure summaries over a period of 17 months. Each summary was assigned a sentiment rating on a scale ranging from 1(very negative) to 5(very positive). To gauge the effectiveness of the language models, their sentiment ratings were compared with those generated by human experts. Our findings reveal a notable performance disparity between GPT-3.5-turbo and GPT-4, with the latter demonstrating significant accuracy in human evaluation tests. The Spearman correlation coefficient was registered at 0.61, while the simple concordance rate was recorded at 0.82. This research contributes valuable insights into the evaluative characteristics of GPT models, thereby laying the groundwork for future innovations in the field of automated semantic monitoring

An empirical study on the economic effect of the Internet freedom

As information and communication technology developed, online sphere connected with Internet network appeared. That is, many elements of the existing offline sphere have moved to online without time and space restrictions. For example, various activities ranging from simple communication with others to business, schooling, consumption are carried out on the network. The media industry has also faced these changes. Newspapers, TV, and magazines, which had strong influence in the past, are already called traditional media. The advancement of the "Digital First" strategy such as online movements of newspapers emphasized by the New York Times and advancement of OTT services such as online movements of TV show that these traditional media are also moving to online networks. Many researchers have searched for factors affecting the use of the Internet or online markets in order to analyze these changes and various theoretical perspectives and issues have been suggested. While the development of the online media markets promotes economic growth and social development, and the optimistic outlook that positively influences individual thinking, behavior, and communication is spreading. On the other hand, in low-level countries, it may also indicate a tendency to be taken or subordinated to the global online media market competition..

Retinal fluid changes and therapeutic effects in symptomatic circumscribed choroidal hemangioma patients: a long-term follow up study

Abstract Background Changes in retinal fluid patterns associated with circumscribed choroidal hemangioma (CCH) have not been investigated yet. A long-term follow-up study was performed to evaluate the changes of retinal fluid patterns and treatment responses. Methods We retrospectively reviewed medical records of all CCH patients diagnosed between November 2005 and March 2017. Enrolled patients had visual symptoms, were treatment-naïve, and had been followed-up for more than 2 years. Best corrected visual acuities (BCVA) and the presence, severity, and pattern change of the subretinal fluid (SRF) and intraretinal fluid (IRF) in the macula on optical coherence tomography (OCT) were analyzed at initial presentation and follow-up visits. Results Twenty-six patients were enrolled. All patients received one or more of the following treatments: PDT, TTT, and intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) injection (IVB). Primary therapy consisted of PDT in 9 patients (34.6%), TTT in 7 patients (26.9%) and IVB in 10 patients (38.5%). At initial presentation, the SRF-only pattern was mostly observed. Despite treatment, IRF occurred over time; eventually, advanced cystoid macular oedema (CME) developed. In terms of retinal fluid reduction, PDT was most efficacious (9/9, 100%), and TTT and IVB showed moderate efficacy (TTT: 4/7, 57.1%; IVB: 5/10, 50%) as a primary therapy. After advanced CME developed, IVB and TTT showed no or minimal effect (TTT: 0/1, 0%; IVB: 0/19, 0%), and PDT was the only effective therapy (6/10, 60%). Conclusion The pattern of retinal fluid accompanied by CCH evolved from an SRF-only pattern initially to an advanced CME pattern. The effectiveness of treatments decreased over time, and advanced CME generally showed resistance to treatments. PDT would be the most recommended treatment

DNA double-strand break-free CRISPR interference delays Huntington’s disease progression in mice

Abstract Huntington’s disease (HD) is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. CRISPR-Cas9 nuclease causes double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the targeted DNA that induces toxicity, whereas CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) using dead Cas9 (dCas9) suppresses the target gene expression without DSBs. Delivery of dCas9-sgRNA targeting CAG repeat region does not damage the targeted DNA in HEK293T cells containing CAG repeats. When this study investigates whether CRISPRi can suppress mutant HTT (mHTT), CRISPRi results in reduced expression of mHTT with relative preservation of the wild-type HTT in human HD fibroblasts. Although both dCas9 and Cas9 treatments reduce mHTT by sgRNA targeting the CAG repeat region, CRISPRi delays behavioral deterioration and protects striatal neurons against cell death in HD mice. Collectively, CRISPRi can delay disease progression by suppressing mHtt, suggesting DNA DSB-free CRISPRi is a potential therapy for HD that can compensate for the shortcoming of CRISPR-Cas9 nuclease

PSA-NCAM-Negative Neural Crest Cells Emerging during Neural Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells Cause Mesodermal Tumors and Unwanted Grafts

Tumorigenic potential of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) is an important issue in clinical applications. Despite many efforts, PSC-derived neural precursor cells (NPCs) have repeatedly induced tumors in animal models even though pluripotent cells were not detected. We found that polysialic acid-neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM)− cells among the early NPCs caused tumors, whereas PSA-NCAM+ cells were nontumorigenic. Molecular profiling, global gene analysis, and multilineage differentiation of PSA-NCAM− cells confirm that they are multipotent neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) that could differentiate into both ectodermal and mesodermal lineages. Transplantation of PSA-NCAM− cells in a gradient manner mixed with PSA-NCAM+ cells proportionally increased mesodermal tumor formation and unwanted grafts such as PERIPHERIN+ cells or pigmented cells in the rat brain. Therefore, we suggest that NCSCs are a critical target for tumor prevention in hPSC-derived NPCs, and removal of PSA-NCAM− cells eliminates the tumorigenic potential originating from NCSCs after transplantation

The value of preoperative staging chest computed tomography to detect asymptomatic lung and liver metastasis in patients with primary breast carcinoma

Little is known about the benefits of preoperative staging chest computed tomography (CT) in patients with asymptomatic breast cancer. We therefore investigated the clinical value of preoperative chest CT in detecting lung and liver metastases by retrospectively reviewing the records of 1,703 patients who underwent preoperative chest CT in a single institution between January 2006 and June 2009. Abnormal CT findings, including suspected metastases and indeterminate nodules in the lung or liver, were found in 266 patients (15.6%). Among these, 26 patients (1.5% of all patients and 9.8% of patients with abnormal CT findings) had true metastases, including 17 in the lungs, 3 in the liver, and 6 in both. True metastases were detected in 1 (0.2%), 0 (0%), and 24 (6.0%) patients with stage I, II, and III disease, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of chest CT were 100, 89.1, and 11.3%, respectively, for lung metastasis and 100, 97.6, and 18.4%, respectively, for liver metastasis. All true metastatic lung lesions were all small-sized nodules, ranging from 0.2 to 1.5 cm in largest diameter, and could not be detected on chest X-rays. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the lack of usefulness of routine preoperative chest CT in detecting asymptomatic liver and lung metastasis in patients with early breast cancer. Chest CT, however, upstaged 6.0% of stage III patients to stage IV