M.leprae binds to a 28-30 kDa phosphorylated glycoprotein of rat peripheral nerve

This article does not have an abstract

The Impact of Eco-Farmed Vegetables in Curing Attention Spectral Disorders - A Reprot on the New Trend

The Impact of Eco-Farmed Vegetables in Curing Attention Spectral  Disorders - A Reprot on the New Tren

A STUDY ON FINANCIAL RISK AT FOOD AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY FOOD AND HOSPITALITY SERVICES

This article explores the critical issue of financial risk management within the context of Food and hospitality industry Food and Hospitality Services, a dynamic player in the food and hospitality industry. In today’s fast-paced and competitive business environment, financial risk is an ever-present concern that can significantly impact the stability and growth of an organization. Food and hospitality industry's success relies on its ability to adapt and proactively address financial risks to ensure long-term sustainability

Optimization of Regeneration Protocol and Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation in Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.)

An efficient and reproducible regeneration protocol for carnation genotypes Arka Flame and IIHRS-1 has been developed from leaf and stem explants. Although IIHRS-1 showed slightly higher regeneration (55%) compared to Arka Flame (49.2%), there was no significant difference in their regeneration response. However, significant difference in regeneration potential was observed with leaf explant exhibiting higher regeneration potential (5.5 shoots/explant) as compared to (4.9) stem explant. Among various plant growth regulator combinations tested for regeneration, the best regeneration response and maximum regeneration potential was obtained in MS medium supplemented with NAA (0.1 mg/l) and TDZ (1.0mg /l) for both the explants and genotypes used. The medium also proved suitable for inducing elongation of regenerated shoots. Rooting of in vitro formed shootlets could be induced at greater frequency in MS medium supplemented with IAA (1.0 mg/l). Based on this protocol, transformation was carried out in genotype IIHRS-1 using leaf explants with Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA 4404 with binary vector pROK2 containing baculovirus chitinase gene under the control of 35S promoter with npt II serving as selectable marker. There was regeneration of putative transformants at a frequency of 28.9%. However, great difficulty was encountered in rooting of shoots. Hence a few shoots regenerated on selection medium at random were tested for transgene integration. Out of the three shoots tested for npt II amplification, two shoots tested positive. The presence of transgene was confirmed through PCR amplification of npt II gene and dot blot analysis of chitinase gene

Oligodeoxynucleotides ODN 2006 and M362 Exert Potent Adjuvant Effect through TLR-9/-6 Synergy to Exaggerate Mammaglobin-A Peptide Specific Cytotoxic CD8+T Lymphocyte Responses against Breast Cancer Cells

Mammaglobin-A (MamA) is overexpressed in 40–80% of all human breast cancers. Recent phase I clinical trials of the MamA DNA vaccine showed encouraging safety outcomes. However, this vaccine elicited only a modest increase in MamA specific CD8+T lymphocyte (CTL) activation. As vaccine adjuvants play a critical role in enhancing the immunotherapeutic efficiency of vaccines, we tested the potential role of three synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN2216—class A ODN, ODN2006—class B ODN, and ODN M362—class C ODN) to further enhance MamA specific CTL responses. Towards this, naïve CD8+T cells were obtained from healthy HLA-A2+ human donors. The HLA-A2 specific immunodominant epitope of MamA, MamA2.1 (LIYDSSLCDL), was utilized to activate naïve CD8+T cells. The THP-1 (HLA-A2+) cells were used as antigen presenting cells to stimulate naïve CD8+T cells along with (or without) co-treatment of various ODNs mentioned above. Activation of naïve CD8+T cells with the MamA2.1 peptide along with ODNs demonstrated enhanced MamA specific CTL mediated cytotoxicity on AU565 (HLA-A+/MamA+) breast cancer cells following co-treatment with ODN2006 and M362 compared to ODN2216 or MamA2.1 peptide alone. However, no significant cytotoxicity was noted upon treatment of MamA2.1 activated CTLs on MCF7 (HLA-A+/MamA−) cells, suggesting that the activation of CTLs is specific to the MamA antigen. Functional characterization studies demonstrated specific IL-12 mediated cross-talk between TLR-6 and -9 in THP-1 cells following stimulation with ODN2006 and M362, which was critical for the final cytotoxic activation of CD8+T lymphocytes. Based on these data, we conclude that ODN2006 and ODN M362 exerted a strong adjuvant effect through induction of the initial innate immune response through TLR9 upregulation followed by enhanced MamA specific CTL dependent adaptive immune responses. Our current data provide evidence for the application of Class-B/-C-CpG-ODNs as potential vaccine adjuvants towards enhancing the success of MamA based breast cancer vaccination

Degradation of the insecticidal toxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki by extracellular proteases produced by Chrysosporium sp.

Aims:  Some Cry proteins produced by the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) or by transgenic Bt plants persist in agricultural soils for an extended period of time, which may pose a hazard for nontarget soil organisms. The aims of our study were to screen for soil fungi capable of degrading the Cry1Ac toxin and to identify the mechanisms that lead to the inactivation of this protein.Methods and Results:  Of the eight fungal strains screened, only one, Chrysosporium sp., was found to produce extracellular proteases capable of degrading the 66-kDa Cry1Ac at the N-terminal end of amino acid 125 (alanine). The proteolytic products of the Cry1Ac toxin did not exhibit any insecticidal activity against Helicoverpa armigera, in contrast to its high toxicity exhibited in the native form.Conclusions:  Proteases elaborated by the Chrysosporium sp. degrade the Cry1Ac toxin in a way that it looses its insecticidal activity against H. armigera.Significance and Impact of the Study: Chrysosporium sp., a specific soil micro-organism capable of producing proteases that degrade the Cry1Ac toxin into inactive products under controlled conditions is being reported for the first time. Application of this observation needs to be further tested in field conditions

Cytokine and Protein Markers of Leprosy Reactions in Skin and Nerves: Baseline Results for the North Indian INFIR Cohort

Leprosy affects skin and peripheral nerves. Although we have effective antibiotics to treat the mycobacterial infection, a key part of the disease process is the accompanying inflammation. This can worsen after starting antibacterial treatment with episodes of immune mediated inflammation, so called ‘reactions’. These reactions are associated with worsening of the nerve damage. We recruited a cohort of 303 newly diagnosed leprosy patients in North India with the aim of understanding and defining the pathological processes better. We took skin and nerve biopsies from patients and examined them to define which molecules and mediators of inflammation were present. We found high levels of the cytokines Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha, Transforming Growth Factor beta and inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in biopsies from patients with reactions. We also found high levels of bacteria and inflammation in the nerves. These experiments tell us that we need to determine which other molecules are present and to explore ways of switching off the production of these pro-inflammatory molecules