The Apparent Metabolizable Energy and Amino Acid Digestibilities of Copra Meal In Broiler Diets

ABSTRACT. The world’s copra meal production amounted to 1.8 million tonnes in 2002 and most of it was produced in Asia. The Philippines and Indonesia contributed approximately 65% of the world’s copra meal production. The main problems of using copra meal in poultry diets are its physical properties along with its nutritional profiles. This study was conducted to determine the physical characteristics and feeding value of copra meal. Physical characteristics were determined by measuring the bulk density and water holding capacity of copra meal and a digestibility study was undertaken to investigate nutrient digestibility, jejunal digesta viscosity and apparent metabolizable energy of copra meal. A total of 28 day old male Ross chicks were given control starter and grower diets from day 1 to 35. From day 36 to 42 , the birds were fed an experimental diet. Faeces were collected for three consecutive days. Jejunal digesta was measured for viscosity and ileal digesta was used for amino acid digestibility measurements. Data indicated that bulk density and water holding capacity of copra meal were poor, being 0.49 g/cm3 and 4.69 g water / g feed respectively. Although the crude proteind and amino acids contents of copra meal were favourable to meet a broiler chicken’s requirements, their digestibilities were low and lysine digestibility being the lowest while arginine digestibility was high. Dry matter, neutral detergent fibre digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy were also low. The low digestibilities of nutrients were not due to the jejunal digesta viscosity as jejunal digesta viscosity was low

The Apparent Metabolizable Energy and Amino Acid Digestibilities of Copra Meal In Broiler Diets

ABSTRACT. The world’s copra meal production amounted to 1.8 million tonnes in 2002 and most of it was produced in Asia. The Philippines and Indonesia contributed approximately 65% of the world’s copra meal production. The main problems of using copra meal in poultry diets are its physical properties along with its nutritional profiles. This study was conducted to determine the physical characteristics and feeding value of copra meal. Physical characteristics were determined by measuring the bulk density and water holding capacity of copra meal and a digestibility study was undertaken to investigate nutrient digestibility, jejunal digesta viscosity and apparent metabolizable energy of copra meal. A total of 28 day old male Ross chicks were given control starter and grower diets from day 1 to 35. From day 36 to 42 , the birds were fed an experimental diet. Faeces were collected for three consecutive days. Jejunal digesta was measured for viscosity and ileal digesta was used for amino acid digestibility measurements.Data indicated that bulk density and water holding capacity of copra meal were poor, being 0.49 g/cm3 and 4.69 g water / g feed respectively. Although the crude proteind and amino acids contents of copra meal were favourable to meet a broiler chicken’s requirements, their digestibilities were low and lysine digestibility being the lowest while arginine digestibility was high. Dry matter, neutral detergent fibre digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy were also low. The low digestibilities of nutrients were not due to the jejunal digesta viscosity as jejunal digesta viscosity was low

THE EFFECT OF DIET AND PELLET SIZE ON THE PASSAGE RATE OF FEED IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF BROILER CHICKENS

An experiment was carried out to determine the rate of intestinal passage of a pelleted copra meal based diet compared to that of a pelleted corn-soy based diet both ground to different pellet sizes. A total of 64 male broiler chickens of six weeks of age were used in this trial. The birds were kept in cages equipped with a trough feeder and drinker. On day 1 to 5, the birds were fed the experimental diets. On day 6, after a 12 h feed restriction, all birds were orally administered with 85 mg chromium oxide in a gelatine capsule. Four birds per treatment were killed by cervical dislocation. Gizzard and small intestine were opened and the colour of the digesta observed to visually determine the location of the chromium oxide. The faeces were observed for first appearance of entire coloured faeces and then on an hourly basis up to the disappearance of coloured faeces. The experimental design was a two way factorial with two basal diets and pellet sizes. Data indicated that a copra meal diet moved in the digestive tract slower than a corn-soy diet. The first appearance of the marker in the faeces of birds fed the copra meal diet was 52 minutes later than for those fed the corn-soy diet. The movement in the digestive tract of the fine ground diets was slower than that of the coarse diets. The effect of pellet size on feed passage time was only evident in the copra meal based diet

PENGARUH KOMBINASI ENZIM DAN BUNGKIL INTI SAWIT TERHADAP KESERAGAMAN TUMBUH, LIVEBILITAS, INCOME OVER FEED DAN CHICK COST AYAM BROILER

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of combination of enzyme and palm kernel meal on growth uniformity, liveability and income over feed and chick cost of broiler.    A completely randomized design was used in this study, with 7 treatments and 5 replicated cages of         6 birds pei café.  A total of 210 day – old broiler chicks were used in this study.  Treatments tested were  Ro = 0 % palm kernel meal (PKM), R1=  20 % PKM ,R2= 20 % PKM plus 0.02 % multi enzyme,      R3 =  20 % enzymatically predigested PKM,  R4 = 30 % PKM ,  R5 = 30 % PKM  plus 0,02 % multi enzyme and R6 = 30 % enzimatically predigested PKM. Results of variance analysis indicated that addition of enzyme in palm kernel meal based diets produced non–significant difference in growth uniformity and liveability (P>0,05). Income over feed and chick cost, however, was significantly affected by enzyme addition (P<0,01 )

The use of peppermint (Mentha piperita) leaves meal reduces ammonia excreta, increases egg production, and egg quality of laying hens

A study was carried out to determine the effect of peppermint (Mentha piperita) leaves meal on ammonia production, dry matter excreta, egg production, and the quality of laying hens. A total of 80 laying hens of Lohmann Strain aged 20 weeks old were used as experimental animals. The birds were allocated in individual battery pens. The 20-week-old laying hens were vaccinated for New Castle diseases protection by using Vaksimune®ND B1on day 5 after arrival. The hens were kept for 8 weeks and fed four experimental diets. The diets used were basal diet (BSL), basal + 1% peppermint leaves meal (PLM) (BSL+1PLM), basal + 2% PLM (BSL+2PLM) and basal + 3% PLM (BSL + 3PLM). Feed and drinking water were present at all times. Parameters measured were ammonia concentration, dry matter excreta, hen day production, total egg mass, feed intake, FCR, dry matter digestibility, and quality of 14-days-stored eggs. A completely randomized design with 4 experimental diets and 5 replications was used. Data collected from this study were analyzed by using analysis of variance and tested with the Tukey test. The addition of peppermint leaf meal reduced ammonia production and increases dry matter excreta, total egg mass production, and dry matter digestibility. The Haugh unit, yolk height, and albumen height were improved when the eggs were kept for 14 days at room temperature. The addition of peppermint leaves meal decreased the mass loss of 14 days-stored eggs. In conclusion, supplementation of diets with peppermint leaf meal decreased ammonia concentration and watery excreta and increased the quality of eggs stored for 14 days at room temperature

Utilization of palm kernel meal and copra meal by poultry

Palm kernel meal (PKM) and copra meal (CM) are derived from the nuts of palm trees and are available in large quantities in many tropical countries. These potential feedstuffs are not widely used either for animal production or other purposes. Due to their high fibre contents, imbalanced amino acids, Maillard products (due to heat damage during drying and oil extraction processes) and their susceptibility to mould attack, these by-products have been regarded as low quality feedstuffs. However, if their value could be improved so that their inclusion in animal feeds resulted in good production, there would be a large number of benefits. A total of ten experiments have been conducted to improve the quality of these ingredients in broiler diets. There are two main scenarios for improving their use as feedstuffs, namely, by addition of exogenous enzymes and nutrients which are deficient and by manipulation of the physical characteristics of the ingredients. This project investigated the physical characteristics (bulk density and water holding capacity) and feeding value of PKM and CM by feeding the pure PKM and CM plus additional vitamins and minerals in poultry diets. Improvement of the quality of PKM was mainly based on nutritional manipulation by considering the digestible amino acids of the diet and adding enzymes. To increase the feeding value of copra meal, physical treatments were proposed, along with using exogenous enzymes and formulating diets based on digestible amino acid. The physical treatments applied in this study were pelleting, crumbling, soaking and finely grinding the diets. Parameters measured were growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, feed digestibility, apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of the diet, passage rate, jejunal viscosity, gut dimensions and digesta weight. The results of the experiments using palm kernel meal showed that bulk density and water holding capacity were 0.57 g/cm3 and 2.93 g water/g feed respectively. These values are close to the values of conventional feedstuffs tested in this study. Accordingly, PKM is neither bulky nor watery when soaked. Therefore, feed intake was not affected by PKM. Palm kernel meal contains 13.6 % protein with high arginine content, being 19.2 mg/g. Ileal digestibilities of crude protein, arginine, lysine and methionine in PKM were 53.6, 81.9, 57.2 and 71.5% respectively. Palm kernel meal could be used up to 40%, provided that energy and amino acids are balanced. Body weights of birds fed diets containing up to 40% PKM in the diet were similar to the body weight of birds fed corn-soy diets. Feed digestibility was low in PKM based diets, due to the high dietary fibre, causing birds to consume large amounts of feed to gain optimal growth. Jejunal digesta viscosity of birds fed PKM based diets was low compared with those of birds fed a corn soy diet. The use of enzymes did not improve the birds production significantly. However, feed digestibility and AME of the diet were increased when enzymes were added to the diet. Analysis of CM indicated that is bulk density and water holding capacity were much less and much greater respectively than values for conventional feedstuffs, being about 0.49 g/cm3 for bulk density and 4.14 g water/g feed for water holding capacity. Copra meal contains 21.7% crude protein with high arginine content (30.5 mg/g) but low in lysine (5.5 mg/g). Ileal digestibility of crude protein, arginine, lysine and methionine were 63.1, 85.6, 51.3 and 71.1% respectively. The use of CM in the diet lowered feed digestibility and AME of the diet. The birds fed CM based diets consumed more water and less feed than did birds fed corn-soy (CS) diets. The use of enzymes did not improve the growth rate of birds in the starter period but they did increase it to a similar level compared to birds fed the CS diet when the birds were kept for six or more weeks. Soaking the diet gave similar results to the addition of enzymes. However, fine grinding either CM or the whole diet decreased the performance of birds. Significant improvement in the growth rate of birds was made when either CM or the diet was pelleted and fed as crumbles but not when the pelleted material was finely ground. Measurement of gut response of birds consuming CM showed that gizzard weight was increased when the birds were fed the unmodified CM or pelleted CM but not when fed fine ground, soaked or enzyme supplemented CM diets. However, the birds fed the CM based diet had heavier intestines than those of birds fed the CS diet. No doubt due to their larger body size, the beak size was bigger in birds fed larger feed particle sizes. There was a significant correlation between the size of the feed particles eaten by the birds and the width of the beak. The birds tended to prefer a feed particles size of 40% of the width of the beak. Larger feed particle sizes travelled down the digestive tract faster than finer feed particle sizes thus increasing feed intake and hence growth rate. In conclusion, there was no deleterious effect in using up to 40 % PKM in the diet provided that the diet was balanced, particularly in digestible amino acids and energy. Enzyme supplementation increased the digestibility of PKM based diets. Even if CM based diets were balanced, the use of enzymes, soaking the diets or pelleting the CM diet was needed to improve the feeding value of CM

Feeding Value of Coconut Flour either Fermented with Aspergillus nigerorSaccharomyces cerevisiae

Fermentation has long been applied to increase quality of poultry diets. A study was conducted to investigate the performance of broilers fed the fungi-fermented coconut flour (CF). The CF with or without 0.1% sodium selenite addition was fermented by either Aspergillus niger or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A total of 120 day old chicks were used in this study. The broiler chicks were kept for three weeks and fed experimental diets (T-1: Control diet; T-2: 1% CF; T-3: 1% fermented CF with A. niger (AN); T-4: 1% fermented CF with S. cerevisiae (SC); T-5: 1% fermented CF + sodium selenite with AN; T-6: 1% fermented CF + sodium selenite with SC). Feed and water were provided ad libitum. The variables observed were: final body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The study used a Completely Randomized Design with 6 treatments and 4 replicates. The results indicate that the use of 1% pure CF did not impair the growth performance. Fermenting CF with A. niger, either with or without sodium selenite addition, negatively affected growth performance of broilers. However, fermenting CF with S. cerevisiae deteriorate body weight, feed intake and FCR. In conclusion, treatments significantly affected body weight, feed intake and FCR