Comparative Analysis of Two Flavonol Synthases from Different-Colored Onions Provides Insight into Flavonoid Biosynthesis

We isolated cDNAs encoding flavonol synthase (FLS) from the red onion “H6” (<i>AcFLS-H6</i>) and the yellow onion “Hwangryongball” (<i>AcFLS-HRB</i>). We found three amino acid variations between the two sequences. Kinetic analysis with recombinant proteins revealed that AcFLS-HRB exhibited approximately 2-fold higher catalytic efficiencies than AcFLS-H6 for dihydroflavonol substrates and that both proteins preferred dihydroquercetin to dihydrokaempferol. The expression patterns of flavonoid biosynthesis genes corresponded to the accumulation patterns of flavonoid aglycones in both onions. Whereas the other flavonoid biosynthesis genes were weakly expressed in the HRB sheath compared to that of H6, the expression of <i>FLS</i> was similar in both onions. This relatively enhanced <i>FLS</i> expression, along with the higher activity of AcFLS-HRB, could increase the quercetin production in the HRB sheath. The quercetin content was approximately 12-fold higher than the cyanidin content in the H6 sheath, suggesting that FLS has priority in the competition between FLS and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) for their substrate dihydroquercetin

Additional file 10: Tabular data 3. of Transcriptome profiling of drought responsive noncoding RNAs and their target genes in rice

List of drought responsive long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). (XLSX 529 kb

Additional file 5: Figure S3. of Transcriptome profiling of drought responsive noncoding RNAs and their target genes in rice

Differentially expressed transcripts were classified into 3 main GO categories: Biological processes, Cellular components and Molecular functions. (TIF 8355 kb

Additional file 3: Figure S2. of Transcriptome profiling of drought responsive noncoding RNAs and their target genes in rice

Heat Map of the differentially expressed coding (a) and noncoding genes (b) under drought conditions. (TIF 5474 kb

Additional file 11: Figure S4. of Transcriptome profiling of drought responsive noncoding RNAs and their target genes in rice

Drought response phenotype of rice in the vegetative state. a The phenotypic effect of progressive drought on wild type rice (Oryza sativa cv. Ilmi) at the vegetative growth stage. b Decrease in soil water content during drought treatment. c The transcript levels of Dip1 and RbcS1 in the leaves of drought-treated and well-watered control plants over a time course of exposure to drought were measured by qRT-PCR analysis. Values shown are the means ± SD of three independent experiments and are presented relative to the results from the control. (TIF 17024 kb

Additional file 6: Table S3. of Transcriptome profiling of drought responsive noncoding RNAs and their target genes in rice

List of miRNAs that are constitutive pattern of high expression and low expression level. 1 Bold in miRNAs ID, rice specific drought responsive miRNAs; 2 RPKM, Reads Per Kilobase of transcript per Million mapped reads; 3 C, control; 4 1d, drought treatment for 1 day; 5 2d, drought treatment for 2 days; 6 3d, drought treatment for 3 days; 7 log2 ratio, log2(drought treatment / control), 8 Red, up-regulation by drought; Blue, down-regulation by drought Abbreviations: At, Arabidopsis thaliana; Bd, Brachypodium distachyon; Gm, Glycine max; Hv, Hordeum vulgare; Mt, Medicago truncatula; Me, Manihot esculenta; Pv, Phaseolus vulgaris; Peu, Populus euphratica; Ptc, Populus trichocarpa; Ppe, Prunus persica; Pte: Populus tremula; Pto, Populus tomentosa; Td, Triticum dicoccoides; Tt, Triticum turgidum; Os, Oryza sativa; Vu, Vigna unguiculata; Zm, Zea mays [10, 15]. (XLSX 24 kb

Rhododendron sanctum Nakai

原著和名: ジングウツツジ科名: ツツジ科 = Ericaceae採集地: 静岡県 引佐郡 引佐町 渋川 (遠江 引佐郡 引佐町 渋川)採集日: 1960/5/29採集者: 萩庭丈壽整理番号: JH015479国立科学博物館整理番号: TNS-VS-96547

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Transcriptome profiling of drought responsive noncoding RNAs and their target genes in rice

Information about the RNA-seq data obtained by Illumina Hi-seq 2500 sequencing. (XLSX 12 kb

Genetic Modification of the Soybean to Enhance the β-Carotene Content through Seed-Specific Expression

<div><p>The carotenoid biosynthetic pathway was genetically manipulated using the recombinant <em>PAC</em> (<em>Phytoene synthase-2A-Carotene desaturase</em>) gene in Korean soybean (<em>Glycine max</em> L. cv. Kwangan). The <em>PAC</em> gene was linked to either the β-conglycinin (β) or CaMV-35S (35S) promoter to generate <em>β-PAC</em> and <em>35S-PAC</em> constructs, respectively. A total of 37 transgenic lines (19 for <em>β-PAC</em> and 18 for <em>35S-PAC</em>) were obtained through <em>Agrobacterium</em>-mediated transformation using the modified half-seed method. The multi-copy insertion of the transgene was determined by genomic Southern blot analysis. Four lines for <em>β-PAC</em> were selected by visual inspection to confirm an orange endosperm, which was not found in the seeds of the <em>35S-PAC</em> lines. The strong expression of <em>PAC</em> gene was detected in the seeds of the <em>β-PAC</em> lines and in the leaves of the <em>35S-PAC</em> lines by RT-PCR and qRT-PCR analyses, suggesting that these two different promoters function distinctively. HPLC analysis of the seeds and leaves of the T₂ generation plants revealed that the best line among the <em>β-PAC</em> transgenic seeds accumulated 146 µg/g of total carotenoids (approximately 62-fold higher than non-transgenic seeds), of which 112 µg/g (77%) was β-carotene. In contrast, the level and composition of the leaf carotenoids showed little difference between transgenic and non-transgenic soybean plants. We have therefore demonstrated the production of a high β-carotene soybean through the seed-specific overexpression of two carotenoid biosynthetic genes, <em>Capsicum</em> phytoene synthase and <em>Pantoea</em> carotene desaturase. This nutritional enhancement of soybean seeds through the elevation of the provitamin A content to produce biofortified food may have practical health benefits in the future in both humans and livestock.</p> </div

DPPH radical scavenging activity of <i>β-PAC</i> and <i>35S-PAC</i> transgenic soybean seeds.

<p>The values of the DPPH are the mean of three determinations ± standard deviation (SD). Different letters represent significant (<i>P</i><0.05) differences between means according to ANOVA combined with Duncan’s multiple-range test.</p