Dissemination of the Transmissible Quinolone-Resistance Gene qnrS1 by IncX Plasmids in Nigeria

The plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance gene qnrS1 was recently found to be commonly associated with ciprofloxacin resistance in Nigeria. We mapped the qnrS1 gene from an Escherichia coli isolate obtained in Nigeria to a 43.5 Kb IncX2 plasmid. The plasmid, pEBG1, was sufficient to confer ciprofloxacin non-susceptibility, as well as tetracycline and trimethoprim resistance, on E. coli K-12. Deletion analysis confirmed that qnrS1 accounted for all the ciprofloxacin non-suceptibility conferred by pEBG1 and tetracycline and trimethoprim resistance could be attributed to tetAR and dfrA14 genes respectively. While it contained a complete IncX conjugation system, pEBG1 was not self-transmissible likely due to an IS3 element inserted between the pilX5 and pilX6 genes. The plasmid was however efficiently mobilizable. pEBG1 was most similar to another qnrS1-bearing IncX2 plasmid from Nigeria, but both plasmids acquired qnrS1 independently and differ in their content of other resistance genes. Screening qnrS1-positive isolates from other individuals in Nigeria revealed that they carried neither pEBG1 nor pNGX2-QnrS1 but that IncX plasmids were prevalent. This study demonstrates that the IncX backbone is a flexible platform that has contributed to qnrS1 dissemination in Nigeria

Dissemination of the transmissible quinolone-resistance gene qnrS1 by IncX plasmids in Nigeria.

The plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance gene qnrS1 was recently found to be commonly associated with ciprofloxacin resistance in Nigeria. We mapped the qnrS1 gene from an Escherichia coli isolate obtained in Nigeria to a 43.5 Kb IncX2 plasmid. The plasmid, pEBG1, was sufficient to confer ciprofloxacin non-susceptibility, as well as tetracycline and trimethoprim resistance, on E. coli K-12. Deletion analysis confirmed that qnrS1 accounted for all the ciprofloxacin non-suceptibility conferred by pEBG1 and tetracycline and trimethoprim resistance could be attributed to tetAR and dfrA14 genes respectively. While it contained a complete IncX conjugation system, pEBG1 was not self-transmissible likely due to an IS3 element inserted between the pilX5 and pilX6 genes. The plasmid was however efficiently mobilizable. pEBG1 was most similar to another qnrS1-bearing IncX2 plasmid from Nigeria, but both plasmids acquired qnrS1 independently and differ in their content of other resistance genes. Screening qnrS1-positive isolates from other individuals in Nigeria revealed that they carried neither pEBG1 nor pNGX2-QnrS1 but that IncX plasmids were prevalent. This study demonstrates that the IncX backbone is a flexible platform that has contributed to qnrS1 dissemination in Nigeria

Stability of pEBG1 in the absence of selection in its natural host, 09/22a, and in laboratory strain DH5α.

<p>Stability of pEBG1 in the absence of selection in its natural host, 09/22a, and in laboratory strain DH5α.</p

Oligonucleotide primers used for PCR.

<p>Oligonucleotide primers used for PCR.</p

a. Dot plot of pairwise alignment between incX2 plasmids pEBG1 on the x-axis and pNGX2-QnrS1 on the y-axis.

<p>The plasmids are highly conserved overall but differ in the location and content of their antimicrobial resistance modules. The pEBG1 conjugation system is interrupted by an IS<i>3</i> element not present in pNGX2-QnrS1. b. schematic of the resistance regiosn of plsdmifd pEBG1 and pNGX2-QnrS1. <i>qnrS1</i> is colored brown and other antimicrobial resistance genes are shaded blue. The flanking core plasmid regions are colored yellow. Note that the insertions are in diffirent orientations.</p

a. Maximum likelihood dendogram depicting evolutionary relationships among TaxC sequences from 12 IncX plasmids, including representatives from groups defined from whole plasmid polymorphisms [20] and pEBG1(boxed), the plasmid sequenced in this study.

<p>a. Maximum likelihood dendogram depicting evolutionary relationships among TaxC sequences from 12 IncX plasmids, including representatives from groups defined from whole plasmid polymorphisms <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0110279#pone.0110279-Johnson1" target="_blank">[20]</a> and pEBG1(boxed), the plasmid sequenced in this study.</p

IncX plasmid types in <i>qnrS1</i>-positive isolates from Nigeria.

<p>IncX plasmid types in <i>qnrS1</i>-positive isolates from Nigeria.</p

Plasmids used in this study.

<p>Plasmids used in this study.</p