13,410 research outputs found
On Deriving Space-Time From Quantum Observables and States
We prove that, under suitable assumptions, operationally motivated data
completely determine a space-time in which the quantum systems can be
interpreted as evolving. At the same time, the dynamics of the quantum system
is also determined. To minimize technical complications, this is done in the
example of three-dimensional Minkowski space.Comment: 19 pages, to appear in Communications in Mathematical Physics; minor
corrections mad
Remarks on Causality in Relativistic Quantum Field Theory
It is shown that the correlations predicted by relativistic quantum field
theory in locally normal states between projections in local von Neumann
algebras \cA(V_1),\cA(V_2) associated with spacelike separated spacetime
regions have a (Reichenbachian) common cause located in the union of
the backward light cones of and . Further comments on causality and
independence in quantum field theory are made.Comment: 10 pages, Latex, Quantum Structures 2002 Conference Proceedings
submission. Minor revision of the order of definitions on p.
6D Muon Ionization Cooling with an Inverse Cyclotron
A large admittance sector cyclotron filled with LiH wedges surrounded by
helium or hydrogen gas is explored. Muons are cooled as they spiral
adiabatically into a central swarm. As momentum approaches zero, the momentum
spread also approaches zero. Long bunch trains coalesce. Energy loss is used to
inject the muons into the outer rim of the cyclotron. The density of material
in the cyclotron decreases adiabatically with radius. The sector cyclotron
magnetic fields are transformed into an azimuthally symmetric magnetic bottle
in the center. Helium gas is used to inhibit muonium formation by positive
muons. Deuterium gas is used to allow captured negative muons to escape via the
muon catalyzed fusion process. The presence of ionized gas in the center may
automatically neutralize space charge. When a bunch train has coalesced into a
central swarm, it is ejected axially with an electric kicker pulse.Comment: Five pages. LaTeX, three postscript figure files. To appear in the
AIP Conference Proceedings for COOL05: International Workshop on Beam
Cooling, Galena, IL, 18-23 Sept. 200
A Pulsed Synchrotron for Muon Acceleration at a Neutrino Factory
A 4600 Hz pulsed synchrotron is considered as a means of accelerating cool
muons with superconducting RF cavities from 4 to 20 GeV/c for a neutrino
factory. Eddy current losses are held to less than a megawatt by the low
machine duty cycle plus 100 micron thick grain oriented silicon steel
laminations and 250 micron diameter copper wires. Combined function magnets
with 20 T/m gradients alternating within single magnets form the lattice. Muon
survival is 83%.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figures, LaTeX, 5th International Workshop on Neutrino
Factories and Superbeams (NuFact 03), 5-11 Jun 2003, New Yor
Resolution of Nearly Mass Degenerate Higgs Bosons and Production of Black Hole Systems of Known Mass at a Muon Collider
The direct s-channel coupling to Higgs bosons is 40000 times greater for
muons than electrons; the coupling goes as mass squared. High precision
scanning of the lighter and the higher mass and is thus
possible with a muon collider. The and are expected to be nearly
mass degenerate and to be CP even and odd, respectively. A muon collider could
resolve the mass degeneracy and make CP measurements. The origin of CP
violation in the and meson systems might lie in the the
Higgs bosons. If large extra dimensions exist, black holes with
lifetimes of seconds could be created and observed via Hawking
radiation at the LHC. Unlike proton or electron colliders, muon colliders can
produce black hole systems of known mass. This opens the possibilities of
measuring quantum remnants, gravitons as missing energy, and scanning
production turn on. Proton colliders are hampered by parton distributions and
CLIC by beamstrahlung. The ILC lacks the energy reach.Comment: Latex, 5 pages, 2 figures, proceedings to the DPF 2004: Annual
Meeting of the Division of Particles and Fields of APS, 26 August-31 August
2004, Riverside, CA, US
RESTAURANT AND SUPERMARKET LOBSTER PRICE PERCEPTIONS, RESPONSES, AND STRATEGIES
Consumer/Household Economics, Demand and Price Analysis,
Biodegradation Behavior of Ozonated Natural Organic Matter in Sand Filters
Aujourd'hui, il est démontré que les traitements biologiques utilisés pour le traitement de l'eau potable sont des méthodes efficaces pour la réduction de la matière organique de l'eau, des sous-produits de la désinfection, ainsi que pour le contrôle de la croissance bactérienne dans les réseaux.Quelques études récentes ont tenté de modéliser ce qui se passait sur les filtres biologiques utilisés pour le traitement de l'eau potable. Les modèles de biofilms développés pour les eaux usées sont souvent utilisés pour l'eau potable. Contrairement au biofilm des eaux usées, épais et dense, celui de l'eau potable est dispersè en fraction dans le milieu du filtre ainsi que sur sa pami. Le biofilm est donc très dispersé et les paramètres importants de modélisation du biofilm en eau usée (densité, épaisseur) ne sont pas appropriés pour l'estimation du biofilm dans les filtres d'eau potable.La matière organique est constituée d'un ensemble complexe de composés organiques. Quelques-uns ne sont pas facilement biodégradables, d'autres le sont facilement et une autre fraction est récalcitrante. Dans ces conditions, un modèle utilisant un seul substrat pour représenter la cinétique de biodégradation n'est pas approprié. WANG et SUMMERS (1994) ont récemment développé un modèle mathématique utilisant plusieurs substrats pour décrire la réduction de la matière organique de l'eau dans les filtres biologiques. Le modèle suppose que la filtration biologique est composée de deux étapes : un transfert massique exteme suivi de l'utilisation du substrat à la surface du filtre. Dans ce modèle, la matière organique est divisée en trois portions: des composés facilement ou lentement biodégradables et récalcitrants. Des vitesses différentes de réaction sont utilisées pour chaque fraction. Les résultats démontrent que la diminution de la concentration de la matière organique est souvent limitée parle taux d'utilisation des substrats, et non pas par la vitesse du transfert exteme de la matière.Les objectifs de cette recherche sont d'identifier les éléments de la matière organique ainsi que les composés lentement ou rapidement biodégradables et de suivre l'évolution de ces composés dans les filtres biologiques.Une fois traitée par ozonisation, la matière organique est utilisée comme substrat dans cette recherche. La matière organique a été isolée par concentration sur résine échangeuse d'ions d'une eau souterraine prélevée en Allemagne. Le taux de traitements en ozone a été de 0,35 mg O3 par mg de carbone organique dissous (COD). Un sable bioacclimaté a été utilisé comme milieu filtrant et comme source de biomasse. Avant chaque expérience, il a été mélangé pour avoir une répartition homogène de la biomasse dans le filtre, La quantité de substrats était mesurée par les analyses du COD, du carbone organique dissous biodégradable (CODB), du carbone organique assimilable (COA), des aldéhydes et d'acides cétoniques. Les résultats, exprimés en terme du temps de contact théorique, démontrent que la vitesse de filtration dans le filtre (dans des proportions de 1,5 à 15 m/h) n'a pas d'influence sur la réduction des substrats. Le facteur limitant pour l'élimination du carbone organique par filtration est donc l'utilisation du substrat et non par le transfert externe de matière.Dans cette recherche, la fraction de la matière organique est appelée « rapidement biodégradable » si elle est éliminée dans les trois premières minutes du temps de contact. Elle constitue 15 ib du COD. La fraction du CODB de l'eau traitée par ozonisation représente environ 40 à 45 % du COD.Presqu'un tiers du CODB est rapidement biodégradé. Les résultats démontrent que 90 % du COA est utilisé par le Spirillum sp . NOX (COA-NOX), et que presque tout le COA est rapidement biodégradé et s'élimine par biofiltration en une minute de temps de contact. Le glyoxal et le méthyl glyoxal sont totalement éliminés après deux minutes de temps de contact. Par contre, seulement 60 % du formaldéhyde est éliminé dans les deux premières minutes de temps de contact et l'augmentation du temps de contact n'engendre pas une élimination supplémentaire. En outre, on n'observe pas de réduction significative de l'acétaldéhyde. Les résultats démontrent que les acides cétoniques sont rapidement et fortement dégradés. Plus de 90 % d'acide glyoxalique et d'acide pyruvique sont éliminés dans la première minute de temps de contact.Natural organic matter (NOM) in drinking water is a complex mixture of organic compounds. Some of the compounds are not biodegradable, while others are quickly biodegradable and a third group is more resistant to biodegradation. To have a better understanding of the biofiltration process in drinking water treatment, it is important to identify the elements of the quickly and slowly biodegradable NOM and to characterize the biodegradation rate of each element. In this study, an ozonated NOM solution was used as the substrate. The NOM was isolated from a groundwater in Germany using ion-exchange resins. The ozone dose was 0.35 mg O3/mg DOC (dissolved organic carbon). Previously bioacclimated sand was used as filter media and biomass source and was homogeneously distributed in the filter prior to each run. The substrate removal was evaluated by DOC, biodegradable DOC (BDOC), assimilable organic carbon (AOC), aldehyde and ketoacid analyses. When expressed in terms of the empty bed contact time (EBCT), the results showed that filter velocity in the range of 1.5 to 15 m/hr had no impact on substrate removal. This implies that substrate utilization, not external mass transfer, is the rate limiting step for substrate removal in drinking water biofilters. In this study, compounds or NOM fractions are termed quickly biodegradable if they are removed in the first three minutes of EBCT. 15% of the DOC was removed by the biofilter within three minutes of EBCT and was termed the quickly biodegradable fraction. The BDOC fraction of the ozonated solution was determined to be 40 to 45% of the DOC. In terms of BDOC, about one third of the total BDOC was quickly biodegradable. The AOC results show that about 90% of the total AOC was utilized by Spirillum sp. NOX (AOC-NOX). Most of the AOC was quickly biodegradable and was removed within one minute of EBCT. For aldehydes, glyoxal and methyl glyoxal were removed to below the detection limit after two minutes of EBCT. However, only 60% of formaldehyde removal was achieved in the first two minutes of EBCT, and no additional removal was achieved with increasing EBCT. Additionally, no significant removal of acetaldehyde was observed. The results of ketoacids show that their utilization rates were very high. More than 90% of glyoxylic acid and pyruvic acid were removed within one minute of EBCT
Generic Bell correlation between arbitrary local algebras in quantum field theory
We prove that for any two commuting von Neumann algebras of infinite type,
the open set of Bell correlated states for the two algebras is norm dense. We
then apply this result to algebraic quantum field theory -- where all local
algebras are of infinite type -- in order to show that for any two spacelike
separated regions, there is an open dense set of field states that dictate Bell
correlations between the regions. We also show that any vector state cyclic for
one of a pair of commuting nonabelian von Neumann algebras is entangled (i.e.,
nonseparable) across the algebras -- from which it follows that every field
state with bounded energy is entangled across any two spacelike separated
regions.Comment: Third version; correction in the proof of Proposition
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen correlations between two uniformly accelerated oscillators
We consider the quantum correlations, i.e. the entanglement, between two
systems uniformly accelerated with identical acceleration a in opposite Rindler
quadrants which have reached thermal equilibrium with the Unruh heat bath. To
this end we study an exactly soluble model consisting of two oscillators
coupled to a massless scalar field in 1+1 dimensions. We find that for some
values of the parameters the oscillators get entangled shortly after the moment
of closest approach. Because of boost invariance there are an infinite set of
pairs of positions where the oscillators are entangled. The maximal
entanglement between the oscillators is found to be approximately 1.4
entanglement bits.Comment: 11 page
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