Variation in elemental composition as influenced by chlorpyrifos application in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.)

AbstractChlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate), is an organophosphate insecticide effective against a broad spectrum of insect pests of economically important crops. The present study investigated the effects of chlorpyrifos application on sulfate assimilation and macro elemental composition in different plant parts at different phenological stages. Field experiments were conducted in the month of April 2008–2009. The individual plot size was 6m2 (4m×1.5m) having 4 rows with a row-to-row distance of 15inches and plant to plant distance of 10inches. The number of plants per m2 was 15. Seedlings were collected at 5 (preflowering), 10 (flowering) and 20 (postflowering) DAT (day after treatment) to analyze the effect of chlorpyrifos on APR activity and elemental composition. At harvest stage, seed from individual treatments were analyzed for sulfur containing amino acids like methionine and cysteine content. Twenty-day-old seedlings of Vigna radiata L. were subjected to chlorpyrifos at different concentrations ranging from 0 to 1.5mM through foliar spray in the field condition. A significant increase (50% in cysteine content and 50–92% in methionine content) in sulfur containing amino acids at a higher dose rate of 1.5mM was recorded in seeds, however the increased activity of adenosine 5-phosphosulfate reductase (APR), the key enzyme in sulfate assimilation was recorded in all the three parts of the plant (leaf, stem, root.). Transiently lower nitrogen, sulfur and carbon content in 0.6 and 1.5mM chlorpyrifos application in V. radiata L. supports the inhibition of metabolic processes. However, reverse trend was exhibited at 0.3mM for same parameters. These results suggest the stimulatory effects on sulfate assimilation in V. radiata L. while as inhibitory effects were prevalent on elemental composition

Bio-techniques for improvement of qualitative and quantitative traits in walnut (Juglans regia)

Walnut, Juglans regia (L.) is an economically significant plant for its immense nutritive and economic value. The breeding character of walnut has lent it a wide diversity in genetic characteristics. The principal vegetative and common traditional agronomic traits together with biochemical characterization i.e., karyotyping and isoenzyme expression have been the early research methods. However, these techniques are time-consuming and susceptible to the environmental variations. Literature is meager in the distribution, applied applications in general and the use of agriculture biotechnology in particular in case of walnut plants. The bio-techniques like molecular markers are adequate in number and there is little or no diversity in the method employed for research on walnuts. Despite basic research method, the organization of information, its retrieval and presentation structures, form elaboration experienced immense advancement via molecular markers such as RFLP, ISSR, RAPD AFLP, SSR and SNP. This appraisal in its first part provides detailed information regarding the present scenario of data on biogeographical distribution, health benefits of walnut worldwide and current applications in the agroforestry management, biochemical evaluations and applied uses of a walnut tree which is relevant for both basic and applied research. The review in its second part sheds light on the application of sophisticated agricultural biotechnology techniques such as use of molecular markers to evaluate, realize the full potential of walnut for increasing its quality, quantity and for its sustainable production which cannot be obtained through usual breeding techniques to meet the demands of a projected world population

Variation in elemental composition as influenced by chlorpyrifos application in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.)

Chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate), is an organophosphate insecticide effective against a broad spectrum of insect pests of economically important crops. The present study investigated the effects of chlorpyrifos application on sulfate assimilation and macro elemental composition in different plant parts at different phenological stages. Field experiments were conducted in the month of April 2008–2009. The individual plot size was 6 m2 (4 m × 1.5 m) having 4 rows with a row-to-row distance of 15 inches and plant to plant distance of 10 inches. The number of plants per m2 was 15. Seedlings were collected at 5 (preflowering), 10 (flowering) and 20 (postflowering) DAT (day after treatment) to analyze the effect of chlorpyrifos on APR activity and elemental composition. At harvest stage, seed from individual treatments were analyzed for sulfur containing amino acids like methionine and cysteine content. Twenty-day-old seedlings of Vigna radiata L. were subjected to chlorpyrifos at different concentrations ranging from 0 to 1.5 mM through foliar spray in the field condition. A significant increase (50% in cysteine content and 50–92% in methionine content) in sulfur containing amino acids at a higher dose rate of 1.5 mM was recorded in seeds, however the increased activity of adenosine 5-phosphosulfate reductase (APR), the key enzyme in sulfate assimilation was recorded in all the three parts of the plant (leaf, stem, root.). Transiently lower nitrogen, sulfur and carbon content in 0.6 and 1.5 mM chlorpyrifos application in V. radiata L. supports the inhibition of metabolic processes. However, reverse trend was exhibited at 0.3 mM for same parameters. These results suggest the stimulatory effects on sulfate assimilation in V. radiata L. while as inhibitory effects were prevalent on elemental composition. Keywords: Green gram, Insecticide, Sulfur, Nitrogen, Carbon, Assimilatio

Himalayan phytochemicals : sustainable options for sourcing and developing bioactive compounds /

Includes bibliographical references and index.Online resource; title from PDF title page (EBSCO, viewed April 17, 2018).Intro; Title page; Table of Contents; Copyright; Dedication; Preface; Acknowledgments; Chapter 1: Biogeographic Distribution of Medicinal and Aromatic Herbs; Abstract; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Historical Perspective and Current Position of MAPs; 1.3 Distribution Pattern of MAPs in Himalaya; 1.4 Correct Identification and Management Implications; 1.5 Alien and Invasive Flora of Kashmir; 1.6 Conclusions; Chapter 2: Utilization and Botanical Significance of Himalayan Herbs; Abstract; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Botanical Aspects and Taxonomical Evaluation; 2.3 Ecophysiology and Biochemical Features2.4 Pharmacological Significance2.5 Medicinal and Therapeutic Potential; 2.6 Advancement in Utilization and Conservation Strategies; 2.7 Commercial Herb Utilization; 2.8 Endemic Aromatic Herbs of Kashmir Valley; Chapter 3: Conservation and Cultivation of Herbs: Challenge and Policy Making; Abstract; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Taxonomy as Imperative Tool; 3.3 Documentation of Flora; 3.4 Diversity and Significance of Medicinal Plants; 3.5 Challenges in Medicinal Plants Sector; 3.6 Opportunities in Developing the Medicinal Plants Sector; 3.7 Biodiversity Strategy; 3.8 ConclusionChapter 4: Chemistry of Himalayan PhytochemicalsAbstract; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Biosynthesis of Major Phytochemicals; 4.3 Conclusion and Perspectives; Chapter 5: Biotechnological Strategies for Improvement of Aromatic and Medicinal Herbs; Abstract; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Applications of In Vitro Plant Regeneration and Micro Propagation in MAPs Improvement; 5.3 Genetic Transformation for Improvement of Yield and Quality of MAPs; 5.4 Traditional Breeding Principles as Applied to Medicinal Plants; 5.5 Pathway Engineering in MAPs; 5.6 Engineering Agronomic Traits in MAPs5.7 Public Perception of Biotechnology: Implications for MAPsChapter 6: Quality Assurance and Quality Control of Medicinal and Aromatic Herbs; Abstract; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Standardization of MAPs-Concepts and Scope; 6.3 The Need for Standardization-Producers' and Consumers' Perspective; 6.4 Standardization and Quality Control of Herbal Crude Drugs-Processes and Procedures; 6.5 Detection of Adulteration in MAPs Products by Modern Genetic and Epi-Genetic Approaches; 6.6 Good Agricultural/Manufacturing Practices; 6.7 Critical Factors Affecting the Quality Control of Herbal Drug6.8 Authentication and Reproducibility of Herbal IngredientsChapter 7: Marketing Indigenous Herbs: Connecting Link Between International Trade and Himalayan Livelihood; Abstract; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Medicinal Plant Management and Marketing-Conservation and Livelihood Challenges; 7.3 International Herbal Market System and Tribal Knowledge; 7.4 Emerging Markets for MAPs; 7.5 Demands for MAPs; 7.6 Global Marketing Opportunities; 7.7 Exports and Imports; 7.8 Challenges; 7.9 Marketing Strategies; 7.10 Conclusions; Appendix; IndexElsevie

Sustainable agricultural practices for water quality protection

The marked shift in conventional agriculture has brought detrimental effects on natural resources leading to environmental degradation. Indeed, agricultural practices can be considered as both widespread and punctual sources of pollution, heavily affecting surface and groundwater quality, principally through erosion, run-off and leaching. Many contaminants (i.e. sediments, nutrients, heavy metals and agrochemicals) are conveyed by agriculture to the aquatic systems of surface and groundwater. Ecologically sound practices should be adopted to ensure a reduced impact on water resources. Among these, (i) rational rates, timing, type and technology of placement of fertilizers can contribute to obtain economic and environmental benefits; (ii) minimum cultivation systems can mitigate soil erosion and preserve from dispersed pollution losses; (iii) Conservation Agriculture, among the sustainable cropping systems, can reduce surface runoff and can assist in preserving water in the top soil stratum and increase rain infiltration; (iv) Controlled Traffic Farming, through the reduction of the trafficked compacted area, can decrease usage of fertilizers, due to lower losses of nutrients and (v) vegetative buffer strips can prevent runoff and the transport of sediments, organic materials, nutrients and chemicals

Anionic Domino C-O-Heterocyclization Approach for the Synthesis of 5-Vinyl Isoxazolines

5-Vinyl isoxazolines were isolated in high yields through domino nucleophilic addition–anionic C–O-heterocyclization, when allyl organometallics derived from trans-1,4-dihalobutene were reacted with nitrile oxides

Biological Efficacy of Essential Oils and Plant Extracts of Cultivated and Wild Ecotypes of Origanum vulgare L.

Current study describes discrepancy in biological efficacy of methanolic and ethanolic extracts and essential oil procured from cultivated and wild accessions of Origanum vulgare. Simultaneously, quantification of carvacrol, thymol, caryophyllene, ocimene, and terpinen-4-ol contents was determined via GC-MS and GC in both accessions. The results revealed significantly a higher antioxidant potential by methanolic extracts displaying IC50 of 19.9 μg/ml compared to essential oil with IC50 of 10 μg/ml, and ethanolic extracts were found to be less effective even at the concentration of 3 μg/ml. However, essential oil from wild and cultivated accessions of O. vulgare exhibited significantly high antimicrobial activity against all 39 bacteria, 16 fungi, and 2 yeast species tested due to higher concentrations of carvacrol and thymol as revealed by GC analysis. Inhibition of tyrosinase activity in a C6 cell line displayed 81.0%–87.0% depigmentation potential of the methanolic extracts, while ethanolic extracts revealed a maximum of 88.54–99.02% inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in H2O2-treated cells. Hence, the study determines efficacy of essential oil against microbial pathogenesis, methanolic extracts as potent depigmentation agents, and ethanolic extracts as potent free radical scavenger

Effects of presowing gamma irradiation on the photosynthetic pigments, sugar content and carbon gain of Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik.

To determine the effects of gamma radiation on the photosynthetic pigments, sugar content and total carbon gain, seeds of Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik. were irradiated with variable doses (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 kGy) at the rate of 1.65 kGy h-1 from 60Co gamma source. Cullen corylifolium represents an important Chinese medicine with adequate levels of secondary metabolites, thus we hypothesized that gamma irradiation could modulate primary metabolites which could supplement secondary metabolite levels. The seeds were then transferred to field for biochemical analysis at different developmental stages; pre-flowering, flowering and post-flowering. Gamma dosage at 10 kGy resulted in a significant increase in concentration of chlorophyll a (61.17%), chlorophyll b (93.18%) and total chlorophyll (71.66%), suggesting that low doses of radiation could activate photosynthetic pigment system while at 15 and 20 kGy dose resulted in depletion of such parameters. Sugar and total C analysis of plants irradiated at 10 kGy demonstrated significantly maximum (216.01%) sugar content in leaves at all developmental stages and significantly minimum (46.13%) and (57.81%) in plants raised from seeds irradiated at 15 and 20 kGy respectively. Effective stimulatory dose for C. corylifolium '11062' is 10 kGy. In contrast, the carotenoid content of the plants exposed to 15 and 20 kGy was maximum than control. Significance of such stimulation correlated with increasing C mass of the plant concerned is discussed in the light of newer aspects in research

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Not AvailableThe purpose of investigation was to assess the phytochemical and nutraceutical of walnut in leaf extracts through diverse quantitative and qualitative phytochemical tests followed by array of assays. The screening of 50 elite walnut genotypes which exhibited wide range of discrepancy in terms of phytochemicals as well as their anti-oxidant potential was done. Walnut genotypes displayed maximum divergence in quercetin content (2.86–5.78 mg/ 100 g) as represented by cluster analysis. The phenolic rich genotypes exhibiting total phenols (37.61–46.47 mg/g GAE) having higher DPPH potential (IP of 32.82–73.50) where as genotypes that accumulate flavonoids/flavanols 5.52–28.48 mg/g QE and 4.11–21.76 mg/g QE showed immense FRAP activity (418.92–1067.94 lM Fe 2?/g FW). There was positive correlation between the phenolics content and anti-oxidant potential. The results showed oil content of 50.1–85.08% and kernel percentage 25.21–81.92% of all walnut genotypes. To evaluate the anti-proliferative potential of walnut genotypes, Trypan blue exclusion test, MTT assay and Griess assay was used. Each assay was repeated with different positive controls against a panel of human cancer cell lines viz THP-1, U2OS, IMR-32 and HBL-100 and then compared with the walnut extracts for their efficiency in anti-proliferative activity. The SPS 1 walnut extract at concentration of 500 lg/ml exhibited 10% cell viability and with 1000 lg/ ml walnut extract there was consequent decline towards (6.25%) viability. The results indicated that walnut leaf constitutes an excellent source of effective natural antioxidants and chemo-preventive agents that can act as anticancer agents.Not Availabl