Impact of thermal-electric networks on the usability of EVs based on a study with a C-segment car

One of the major concerns of contemporary Fully Electric Vehicles (FEV) is the high dependency of the maximum range on ambient temperature conditions. In some cases the range of an EV can drop by more than 50%. One of the main reasons for this behaviour is the energy demand required by the thermal conditioning of the passenger compartment. Within this paper a comprehensive approach will be presented to reuse the waste heat energy of the powertrain components combined with a thermal storage for conditioning the car’s cabin. To evaluate the influence of the ambient temperature on the vehicle range, an electro-thermal simulation of a C-segment car, including the HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) and the cooling system was performed. The following components/systems were considered: battery, thermal energy storage, thermal insulation as well as heat pump and thermal preconditioning due to an inductive charger. It will be shown that, despite a low amount of waste heat from the high voltage components, the combination of the heat pump with the thermal energy storage (using advanced control strategies) leads to a remarkable range improvement. This research is based on the integration of new electro-thermal system components including novel control algorithms into the thermal system layout. In this article modern control approaches for heat-pump subsystem as well as overall control strategies for complete electro-thermal networks will be discussed. Model-based development has been proven to be an efficient way of control algorithms and software design, including advanced control techniques like MPC and virtual sensors. To validate the simulation results the system will be integrated in a demonstrator car (Mercedes Benz B-Class)

COOLSAN Kältetechnische Sanierungskonzepte für Büro- und Verwaltungsgebäude

Energie-Umweltmanagemen

ICAR REC M 0020 E International Commission for Alpine Rescue Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine Recommendation REC M 0020 of the Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine OFFICIAL RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION FOR MOUNTAIN EMERG

This article reflects the consensus of opinion of the International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine which has full responsibility for the content. Summary Aims and methods: inquiry about on-site treatment of patients in mountain areas in 14 countries in Europe and North America (non-responder rate 33%) aiming to compare emergency medical services. Results: 37,535 ground rescuers and 747 helicopters are ready for the evacuation of casualties and patients in mountain areas. And 1316 physicians and 50,967 paramedics take part in ground and air mountain rescue operations. In Europe, 63.2% helicopters have a physician on board, 17.8% are staffed with a paramedic and 19% have no medically trained personnel on board. In North America, 31.6% (p < 0.001) of helicopters are staffed with a doctor, 59.3% (p < 0.001) with a paramedic and 9.1% (p < 0.001) have no medical personnel on board. The percentage of on-site treatment according to the recommendations of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) or International Commission for Alpine Rescue (ICAR) varies among all countries (p < 0.001) and is positively related to the percentage of physician-staffed helicopters (r = 0.76, p < 0.001). Paramedics in 90.9% countries are obliged to be medically trained, but physicians only need to have a standardised training in emergency medicine in 50% (p = 0.042). Conclusions: On-site treatment according to ILCOR or ICAR recommendations is performed more often in countries where physicians are regularly involved in mountain rescue operations. However, no conclusions can be drawn from the data as to the efficiency of treatment. The data show a lack of medical education in specific, mountain rescue related problems. Physicians involved should undergo suitable training