Hydrological outlook UK - July 2023

The Hydrological Outlook provides an insight into future hydrological conditions across the UK. Specifically, it describes likely trajectories for river flows and groundwater levels on a monthly basis, with a particular focus on the next three months. Well established monitoring programmes provide the current status of both river flows and groundwater levels at many sites across the UK, and data from these programmes provide the starting point for the Outlook. A number of techniques are used to project forwards from the current state and results from these are used to produce a summary that includes a highlights map

Hydrological outlook UK - April 2023

The Hydrological Outlook provides an insight into future hydrological conditions across the UK. Specifically, it describes likely trajectories for river flows and groundwater levels on a monthly basis, with a particular focus on the next three months. Well established monitoring programmes provide the current status of both river flows and groundwater levels at many sites across the UK, and data from these programmes provide the starting point for the Outlook. A number of techniques are used to project forwards from the current state and results from these are used to produce a summary that includes a highlights map

Natural Language Processing Semantical and Syntactical Analysis for English

Natural language is to facilitate the user to exchange the ideas among people. These ideas converge to form the "meaning" of an utterance or text in the form of a series of sentences. The meaning of sentences describes as semantics. The input/output of a NLP can be a written text or a speech. There are two major components of natural language processing, namely: natural language understanding which describes mapping of given input in the natural language into a useful representation and the other is natural language generation which produce natural language as output on basis of input data as text. This paper deals with natural language understanding mainly on semantic

Structural investigation, spectroscopic and energy level studies of Schiff base: 2-(3�-N-salicylidenephenyl)benzimidazole using experimental and DFT methods

The Schiff base 2-(3�-N-salicylidenephenyl)benzimidazole (Spbzl) was characterized by FT-Raman, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. Crystallographic studies reveal the presence of two water molecules in the asymmetry unit which aid the intermolecular hydrogen bonding with imidazole ring, and the trans-conformation of the azomethine bond. Theoretical computations conducted using density functional theory (DFT) analysis support the experimental facts. Energy levels estimated by DFT studies are in good agreement with the values obtained from cyclic voltammetry technique. Frontier molecular orbital analysis shows that charge transfer has taken place from donor to acceptor moiety, which is also supported by the high hyperpolarizability values in both gaseous and solution phases, indicating high charge transfer capability of the molecule. A comparative theoretical study of Spbzl with derivative 4-((3-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenylimino)methyl)-3-hydroxybenzoic acid (Pbzlb) having an added anchor group COOH substituted at para position in the acceptor ring has been made. The result shows the feasibility of charge transfer to the semiconductor surface in dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) applications for Pbzlb. © 2017 Elsevier B.V

Hydrological summary for the United Kingdom: October 2023

The monthly summary of hydrological conditions in the United Kingdom is compiled as part of the National Hydrological Monitoring Programme (a joint UKCEH and BGS enterprise). The report features contemporary data for rainfall, river flow, reservoir and groundwater levels in the form of maps and graphs. A commentary is provided on the status of the nation’s water resources and any notable hydrological events during the month. The National River Flow and National Groundwater Level Archives help provide an historical context for these contemporary assessments. Financial support for the production of the Hydrological Summaries is provided by Defra, the Environment Agency, the Scottish Environment Protection Agency, the Rivers Agency in Northern Ireland and the Office of Water Services

Hydrological summary for the United Kingdom: May 2023

The monthly summary of hydrological conditions in the United Kingdom is compiled as part of the National Hydrological Monitoring Programme (a joint UKCEH and BGS enterprise). The report features contemporary data for rainfall, river flow, reservoir and groundwater levels in the form of maps and graphs. A commentary is provided on the status of the nation’s water resources and any notable hydrological events during the month. The National River Flow and National Groundwater Level Archives help provide an historical context for these contemporary assessments. Financial support for the production of the Hydrological Summaries is provided by Defra, the Environment Agency, the Scottish Environment Protection Agency, the Rivers Agency in Northern Ireland and the Office of Water Services

Study of injection and transport properties of metal/organic interface using HAT-CN molecules as hole injection layer

1,4,5,8,9,11-hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN) molecule have been studied as hole injection layer for application in organic semiconductor based devices with potential to modify the electronic properties of electrodes due to its strong electron-withdrawing property. Thermally stable hole transport material 2, 7-bis [N, N-bis (4-methoxy-phenyl) amino] -9, 9-spirobifluorene (MeO-Spiro-TPD) has been used to fabricate hole only devices. To make the injection efficient at metal/organic interface and to reduce the driving voltage of the organic devices, the interface has been modified with a thin layer of highly electron accepting HAT-CN material. Modified interface has been investigated at a different range of thicknesses of HAT-CN. This interface modification resulted in the switching of injection limited transport to space charge limited conduction mechanism with the introduction of HAT-CN layer at metal/organic interfaces. The hole injection property has been found to increase with an increase in HAT-CN thickness. When these modified substrates were used as a hole injecting contacts in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), they have shown an increase in current density and device efficiency

Over-expressed IgG2 antibodies against O-acetylated sialoglycoconjugates incapable of proper effector functioning in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Earlier studies have demonstrated an over-expression of 9-O-acetylated sialoglycoconjugates (9-OAcSGs) on lymphoblasts, concomitant with high titers of anti-9-OAcSGs in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The present study was aimed to evaluate whether this high induction of anti-9-OAcSGs at disease presentation contributes toward immune surveillance. Accordingly, anti- 9-OAcSGs were affinity purified from sera of ALL patients and normal individuals, and their specificity toward the glycotope having terminal 9-O-acetylated sialic acid-linked subterminal N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc) in a2–6 manner (9-OAcSAa2–6GalNAc) was established by hemagglutination assay, flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Subclass distribution of anti-9-OAcSGs revealed a predominance of IgG2 in ALL. Analysis of glycosylation of anti-9-OAcSGs purified from sera of ALL patients (IgGALL) and normal individuals (IgGN) by digoxigenin glycan enzyme assay, fluorimetric estimation, gas–liquid chromatography and lectin-binding assays demonstrated that disease-specific antibodies differ in content and nature as compared with normal controls. Enhanced amount of 9-OAcSA-specific IgG2 induced in ALL was unable to trigger activation of FccR, the complement cascade and cell-mediated cytotoxicity, although its glycotope-binding ability remains unaffected. Interestingly, only IgG1N emerged as the potent mediator of cell-mediated cytotoxicity, complement fixation and activator of effector cells through FccR. In ALL, the observed subclass switching of anti-9-OAcSGs to IgG2, alteration in their glycosylation profile along with impairment of a few Fc-glycosylation-sensitive effector functions hints toward a disbalanced homeostasis, thereby evading the host defense. These findings justify further evaluation of the mechanism for functional unresponsiveness of antibodies and production of 9-OAcSA-specific chimeric antibodies with normal Fc domain for therapeutic application

Table_1_An interpretative review of the wastewater-based surveillance of the SARS-CoV-2: where do we stand on its presence and concern?.DOCX

Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been used for monitoring infectious diseases like polio, hepatitis, etc. since the 1940s. It is also being used for tracking the SARS-CoV-2 at the population level. This article aims to compile and assess the information for the qualitative and quantitative detection of the SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. Based on the globally published studies, we highlight the importance of monitoring SARS-CoV-2 presence/detection in the wastewater and concurrently emphasize the development of early surveillance techniques. SARS-CoV-2 RNA sheds in the human feces, saliva, sputum and mucus that ultimately reaches to the wastewater and brings viral RNA into it. For the detection of the virus in the wastewater, different detection techniques have been optimized and are in use. These are based on serological, biosensor, targeted PCR, and next generation sequencing for whole genome sequencing or targeted amplicon sequencing. The presence of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater could be used as a potential tool for early detection and devising the strategies for eradication of the virus before it is spread in the community. Additionally, with the right and timely understanding of viral behavior in the environment, an accurate and instructive model that leverages WBE-derived data may be created. This might help with the creation of technological tools and doable plans of action to lessen the negative effects of current viral epidemics or future potential outbreaks on public health and the economy. Further work toward whether presence of viral load correlates with its ability to induce infection, still needs evidence. The current increasing incidences of JN.1 variant is a case in point for continued early detection and surveillance, including wastewater.</p