Weeping Lovegrass.

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Assessing the relationship between hispanic power structure and funding of bilingual education

Typescript (photocopy).The dual purpose of this study was to ascertain if indeed school districts are fulfilling the intention of the Bilingual Education Act of 1968, i.e. compensatory education for limited English-speaking students for whom Spanish is the mother tongue and whether those communities receiving deferential amounts of funding are related to Hispanic participation in the educational system. Document and survey data was gathered from 209 Texas school districts which have 40 percent or more Hispanics in average daily attendance. A random stratified sample of 20 of these school districts which have funded bilingual education programs was examined in depth. Hispanic participation in education was assessed through surveys of Hispanics holding positions of decision-making and policy-setting within the school district and the community. LULAC, a state-wide advocacy group, litigation conducted by the Mexican-American Legal Defense and Education Fund and surveys of Hispanic legislators were examined to determine if political pressure was related to bilingual funding. Results indicate that the intention of the Bilingual Education Act of 1968 is not being fulfilled in all school districts in Texas. Three counties, Aransas County, Refugio County, and DeWitt County, all with 1,200 or more school-aged Hispanics, are not providing any types of bilingual education program. A rank-order comparison indicated that bilingual funds, for the most part, are being distributed to Texas counties with the highest concentration of school-aged Hispanics, but within these counties there is a wide variation in the distribution of funds to individual school districts. A comparison of 119 school districts with bilingual education and 90 without bilingual offerings showed the groups to be significantly different in size, number and percentage of Hispanics, LULAC, litigation proceedings, number of Hispanic school board members and superintendents, and the percentage of Hispanic administrators and principals. Higher participation of Hispanics in the educational system was a key indicator of bilingual offerings as well as higher funding levels. Hispanic legislators indicated that they utilize language and ethnic boundaries when needed in order to establish a political power base in their districts. All agreed that their constituents generally viewed bilingual education as an important issue for Hispanic political recognition. The implications of Hispanic participation in the educational process as a determinant of bilingual funding are discussed

Responses of bitterweed (Hymenoxys odorata) to 2, 4-D in relation to soil moisture

Due to the character of the original source materials and the nature of batch digitization, quality control issues may be present in this document. Please report any quality issues you encounter to [email protected], referencing the URI of the item.Not availabl

Partial Aminoglycoside Lesions in Vestibular Epithelia Reveal Broad Sensory Dysfunction Associated with Modest Hair Cell Loss and Afferent Calyx Retraction

Although the effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics on hair cells have been investigated for decades, their influences on the dendrites of primary afferent neurons have not been widely studied. This is undoubtedly due to the difficulty in disassociating pathology to dendritic processes from that resulting from loss of the presynaptic hair cell. This was overcome in the present investigation through development of a preparation using Chinchilla laniger that enabled direct perilymphatic infusion. Through this strategy we unmasked gentamicin’s potential effects on afferent calyces. The pathophysiology of the vestibular neuroepithelia after post-administration durations of 0.5 through 6 months was assessed using single-neuron electrophysiology, immunohistochemistry, and confocal microscopy. Hair cell densities within cristae central zones (0.5-, 1-, 2-, and 6-months) and utricle peri- and extrastriola (6-months) regions were determined, and damage to calretinin-immunoreactive calyces was quantified. Gentamicin-induced hair cell loss exhibited a profile that reflected elimination of a most-sensitive group by 0.5-months post-administration (18.2%), followed by loss of a second group (20.6%) over the subsequent 5.5 months. The total hair cell loss with this gentamicin dose (approximately 38.8%) was less than the estimated fraction of type I hair cells in the chinchilla’s crista central zone (approximately 60%), indicating that viable type I hair cells remained. Extensive lesions to afferent calyces were observed at 0.5-months, though stimulus-evoked modulation was intact at this post-administration time. Widespread compromise to calyx morphology and severe attenuation of stimulus-evoked afferent discharge modulation was found at 1 month post-administration, a condition that persisted in preparations examined through the 6-month post-administration interval. Spontaneous discharge was robust at all post-administration intervals. All calretinin-positive calyces had retracted at 2 and 6 months post-administration. We found no evidence of morphologic or physiologic recovery. These results indicate that gentamicin-induced partial lesions to vestibular epithelia include hair cell loss (ostensibly reflecting an apoptotic effect) that is far less extensive than the compromise to stimulus-evoked afferent discharge modulation and retraction of afferent calyces (reflecting non-apoptotic effects). Additionally, calyx retraction cannot be completely accounted for by loss of type I hair cells, supporting the possibility for direct action of gentamicin on the afferent dendrite