Immediate and antecedent causes of death when underlying cause was low birth weight and prematurity complications N9 (N = 404).

Immediate and antecedent causes of death when underlying cause was low birth weight and prematurity complications N9 (N = 404).</p

Flowchart of enrolled neonatal deaths from CHAMPS sites between December 2016 –December 2021, that had minimally invasive tissue samples (MITS) and consent only for verbal autopsy and clinical abstraction (Non-MITS) and included in the analysis.

Flowchart of enrolled neonatal deaths from CHAMPS sites between December 2016 –December 2021, that had minimally invasive tissue samples (MITS) and consent only for verbal autopsy and clinical abstraction (Non-MITS) and included in the analysis.</p

Number of other conditions in the causal chain for CHAMPS deaths that occurred in the neonatal period, by age group.

Number of other conditions in the causal chain for CHAMPS deaths that occurred in the neonatal period, by age group.</p

Immediate and antecedent causes of the death when the underlying cause of the death was: Congenital malformation (N1, Fig 3), complication of intrapartum event (N4, Fig 4), infection (N6, Fig 5), respiratory and cardiovascular disorder (N7, Fig 6), and low birth weight and prematurity (N9, Fig 7).

There may be multiple immediate and antecedent causes of death for any individual, so the total number of causes may be greater than is listed in the figure titles.</p

Relative proportion of neonatal deaths enrolled in CHAMPS, 2017–2021, attributed to the 5 most common categories of underlying causes (n = 826), overall and for deaths in the first 24 hours of life, early neonatal period (1–6 days), and late neonatal period (7–27 days).

Relative proportion of neonatal deaths enrolled in CHAMPS, 2017–2021, attributed to the 5 most common categories of underlying causes (n = 826), overall and for deaths in the first 24 hours of life, early neonatal period (1–6 days), and late neonatal period (7–27 days).</p

Characteristics of deaths enrolled in CHAMPS that occurred during the neonatal period, by age at death (2016–2021).

Characteristics of deaths enrolled in CHAMPS that occurred during the neonatal period, by age at death (2016–2021).</p

Underlying cause of the death, stratified by HIV exposure status.

Underlying cause of the death, stratified by HIV exposure status.</p

WHO ICD10 PM underlying cause of death and specific immediate or antecedent causes of death, overall and by age group.

WHO ICD10 PM underlying cause of death and specific immediate or antecedent causes of death, overall and by age group.</p

Main maternal condition attributed for neonatal deaths by age group.

Main maternal condition attributed for neonatal deaths by age group.</p

Characteristics of deaths enrolled in CHAMPS that occurred during the neonatal period, by age at death (2016–2021).

Characteristics of deaths enrolled in CHAMPS that occurred during the neonatal period, by age at death (2016–2021).</p