Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, Mill. Johnston) pellet supplementation improved rumen fermentation, milk yield and milk composition of lactating dairy cows

Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, Mill. Johnston) is a fodder shrub that contains flavonoid compounds and uses as feeds, medicine and food, respectively. This study examined the effects of Chaya leaf pellet (CHYP) supplementation on nutrient digestibilities, feed intake, rumen fermentation, milk yield and milk compositions. Four lactating crossbred (75% Holstein-Friesian × 25% Thai native cows) dairy cows with average body weight (440 ± 10), milk production (12 ± 2 kg/h/d) and days- in- milk (126 ± 20) were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Two ratio of concentrate to milk yield, (1:1; CM1 and 1:2; CM2) and two CHYP levels at 0 and 6% of total dry matter intake (TDMI) were imposed. The results revealed that concentrate to milk yield ratio and CHYP supplementation had interactive effect (P < 0.05) on nutrient intake except ADF, fat -corrected milk and total solids. Rumen pH was decreased (P < 0.05) in cows receiving high concentrate, while the pH was in normal range for animals fed with CHYP. Ruminal NH3-N concentration was increased (P < 0.05) by the 6% CHYP supplementation. The level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (P < 0.05) was increased with the increase of ruminal NH3-N (P < 0.01), and bacterial population, while the, protozoal counts were slightly reduced by the supplementation of CHYP. The CHYP supplementation significantly increased total VFA and propionate concentration, while decreased acetate to propionate ratio and estimated methane emission. In conclusion, concentrate to milk yield at 1:1 ratio and CHYP supplementation at 6% significantly modulated rumen fermentation end-products and milk composition in lactating dairy cows

Supplemental effect of Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) leaf pellet on rumen fermentation, nutrients digestibility and microbial protein synthesis in growing crossbred bulls

This experiment was conducted to assess the effect of Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) leaf pellet (CHYP) on rumen fermentation, nutrients digestibility and microbial protein synthesis in growing crossbred bulls. Four animals, with an average liveweight of 160 ± 10 kg were randomly arranged in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. There were four treatments: 0, 4, 6 and 8% CHYP supplementation of DMI. The study findings showed that increasing supplementation level of CHYP linearly enhanced (p < 0.05) DM, OM, and CP digestibilities. Rumen characteristics, namely NH3–N concentration and bacterial population were increased (p < 0.05) while, protozoal and fungal population remained unchanged, as level of CHYP supplementation increased. Total rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) and propionic acid (C3) were enhanced (p < 0.05). Furthermore, N utilisation especially N absorption, N retention and efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis (EMNS) were significantly improved by increasing level of CHYP supplementation. Hence, CHYP supplementation is highly promising for ruminant feeding.HIGHLIGHTS Chaya leaf pellet (CHYP) contains high level of crude protein, essential amino acids and minerals. CHYP supplementation increased nutrient digestibility and propionic acid (C3) in rumen. CHYP enhanced N–balance, microbial nitrogen supply (MNS) and efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis (EMNS)

Supplemental effect of Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) leaf pellet on rumen fermentation, nutrients digestibility and microbial protein synthesis in growing crossbred bulls

This experiment was conducted to assess the effect of Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) leaf pellet (CHYP) on rumen fermentation, nutrients digestibility and microbial protein synthesis in growing crossbred bulls. Four animals, with an average liveweight of 160 ± 10 kg were randomly arranged in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. There were four treatments: 0, 4, 6 and 8% CHYP supplementation of DMI. The study findings showed that increasing supplementation level of CHYP linearly enhanced (p < 0.05) DM, OM, and CP digestibilities. Rumen characteristics, namely NH3–N concentration and bacterial population were increased (p < 0.05) while, protozoal and fungal population remained unchanged, as level of CHYP supplementation increased. Total rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) and propionic acid (C3) were enhanced (p < 0.05). Furthermore, N utilisation especially N absorption, N retention and efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis (EMNS) were significantly improved by increasing level of CHYP supplementation. Hence, CHYP supplementation is highly promising for ruminant feeding.HIGHLIGHTS Chaya leaf pellet (CHYP) contains high level of crude protein, essential amino acids and minerals. CHYP supplementation increased nutrient digestibility and propionic acid (C3) in rumen. CHYP enhanced N–balance, microbial nitrogen supply (MNS) and efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis (EMNS)

The recycling of tropical fruit peel waste-products applied in feed additive for ruminants: Food manufacturing industries, phytonutrient properties, mechanisms, and future applications

Tropical fruits are grown on tree varieties native to tropical regions, presenting a high concentration of phytonutrients (PTNs). Tropical fruits are often used in the extraction of juice, as well as in the preparation of jams, jellies, and canned products. The residual components, particularly fruit peels, are frequently discarded as wastes. This approach intends to reduce waste accumulation while meeting the growing public demand for PTNs, which are believed to possess antibacterial, antioxidant, methane production inhibitory, and rumen fermentation-enhancing properties. The tropical fruit wastes under consideration include banana, citrus fruit, dragon fruit, durian, jackfruit, mango, mangosteen, passion fruit, pineapple, pomegranate, and rambutan. Therefore, the objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing research focusing on the biological capabilities of tropical waste products derived from fruit peels, as well as their PTN profile, targeting their potential as supplements as feed additives for ruminants. The main attention of using PTNs found in tropical fruit peels is for enhancing rumen fermentation characteristics and production, while simultaneously mitigating the methane (CH4) production. Results provided by the present review showed that fruit peel waste products could buffer rumen pH levels, improve nutrient digestibility, ammonia-nitrogen (NH3–N) concentrations, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) concentrations, and microbial populations, as well as enhancing milk production, and decrease CH4 production. These waste products could be a potential alternative plant-based PTN compound supplement to be use as a feed additive in ruminants

Effect of Rhodanese Enzyme Addition on Rumen Fermentation, Cyanide Concentration, and Feed Utilization in Beef Cattle Receiving Various Levels of Fresh Cassava Root

Fresh cassava root is not recommended for animal feeding due to high quantities of hydrocyanic acid (HCN), which produces symptoms of poisoning. The purpose of this study was to find out how a rhodanese enzyme addition affects rumen fermentation, HCN content, feed utilization, and blood metabolites in beef calves fed fresh cassava root. Four Thai native beef cattle with an initial body weight (BW) of 95 &plusmn; 10.0 kg (1&ndash;1.5 years old) were randomly allocated to receive fresh cassava root containing HCN at 0, 300, 450, and 600 ppm according to a 4 &times; 4 Latin square design. Rice straw was the basal diet. The rhodanese enzyme was combined with concentrated feeds at a concentration of 1 mg/104 ppm HCN. The fresh cassava root was cleaned to remove dirt and chopped into 3 to 5 mm sized pieces before being fed to the animals at their various levels. The total feed intake of beef cattle increased when fed with fresh cassava root (p &lt; 0.05). The digestibility of crude protein (CP) was different among various fresh cassava root levels (p &lt; 0.05). Ruminal ammonia-N levels were measured 4 hours after feeding, and the average concentration declined considerably in animals fed fresh cassava root at 300&ndash;600 ppm HCN (p &lt; 0.05). Cyanide concentration in the rumen was linearly increased by 270.6% (p &lt; 0.05) when it was supplemented with a high level of fresh cassava root. Blood urea-N concentration was altered and decreased when supplemented with fresh cassava root (p &lt; 0.01). The blood thiocyanate concentration was altered by the levels of fresh cassava root and rhodanese enzyme, which ranged from 4.1 to 27.9 mg/dL (p &lt; 0.01). Cattle given fresh cassava root showed no influence on total volatile fatty acid, acetic acid, or butyric acid concentrations in the rumen (p &gt; 0.05). However, the concentration of propionic acid increased slightly (p &lt; 0.05) 4 hours after feeding. Supplementing fresh cassava root up to 600 ppm HCN/day improved N absorption, retention, and the proportion of N retention to N intake (p &lt; 0.05). Therefore, increasing the inclusion of fresh cassava root with a rhodanese enzyme addition improves total feed intake, CP digestibility, nitrogen utilization, blood thiocyanate, and propionate concentrations, which may remove HCN without harming animal health

Lactational performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient use efficiency, enteric methane emissions, and manure greenhouse gas-emitting potential in dairy cows fed a blend of essential oils

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of an essential oil (EO) blend on lactational performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient utilization, blood variables, enteric methane emissions and manure greenhouse gas-emitting potential in dairy cows. A randomized complete block design experiment was con-ducted with 26 primiparous and 22 multiparous Holstein cows. A 2-wk covariate and a 2-wk adaptation periods preceded a 10-wk experimental period used for data and sample collection. Treatments were: (1) basal diet supplemented with placebo (CON); and (2) basal diet supplemented with a blend of EO containing eugenol and geranyl acetate as main compounds. Supplementa-tion with EO did not affect dry matter intake, milk and energy-corrected milk yields, and feed efficiency of cows, compared with CON. Milk fat and lactose con-centrations were increased, and milk total solids (TS) concentration and milk fat yield tended to be increased by EO. Multiparous cows supplemented with EO tended to have slightly decreased dry matter and crude protein digestibility compared with CON multiparous cows. There was a tendency for increased ruminal pH by EO, whereas other rumen fermentation variables did not differ between treatments. Daily methane emission was not affected by EO supplementation, but methane emission intensity per kg of milk fat was decreased by 8.5% by EO. Methane emission intensity per kg of milk lactose and milk TS were decreased and methane emission intensity per kg of milk yield tended to be decreased by up to 10% in EO multiparous cows, but not in primiparous cows. The greenhouse gas-emitting potential of manure was not affected by EO supplemen-tation. Compared with CON, fecal nitrogen excretion was increased by EO supplementation in multiparous, but not in primiparous cows, and milk nitrogen secre-tion (as a % of nitrogen intake) tended to be increased in EO supplemented cows. Blood variables were not affected by EO supplementation in the current study. Overall, dietary supplementation of EO did not affect lactational performance of the cows, although milk fat and lactose concentrations were increased. Most enteric methane emission metrics were not affected, but EO decreased methane intensity per kg of milk fat by 8.5%, compared with the control.ISSN:0022-0302ISSN:1525-319