KARAKTERISASI KOMPOSIT BIODEGRADABLE FOAM DARI LIMBAH SERAT KERTAS DAN KULIT JERUK UNTUK APLIKASI KEMASAN PANGAN

Polystirena foam (styrofoam) merupakan salah satu kemasan pangan yang banyak digunakan dalam industri makanan. Namun, styrofoam memiliki dampak buruk bagi lingkungan dan kesehatan dikarenakan sifatnya yang sulit terurai dan mudah bereaksi dengan panas. Biodegradable foam (biofoam) merupakan salah satu alternatif kemasan pangan pengganti styrofoam konvensional yang aman untuk kesehatan dan mudah terurai. Pada penelitian ini akan dibahas proses pembuatan dan karakterisasi produk komposit biodegradable foam yang terbuat dari limbah serat kertas dan kulit jeruk. Karakterisasi biodegradable foam dilakukan dengan melakukan uji sifat fisik, mekanik, morfologi dan derajat degradasinya. Variasi komposisi serat kertas dan kulit jeruk sebesar 5, 10, dan 15 % dilakukan secara bergantian untuk tiap sampel yang diberikan. Densitas biofoam terendah diperoleh dari komposisi serat kertas (SK) 5% dan kulit jeruk (KJ) 5% dengan nilai 0,18 g/cm3. Daya serap air dan pengembangan tebal (thickness swelling) terendah diperoleh dari komposisi SK dan KJ masing-masing 10% dengan nilai 80,87% dan 5%. Untuk sifat mekanis, kuat tarik terbesar diperoleh dari komposisi SK 5% dan KJ 5% sebesar 3,38 MPa dan modulus elastisitas terbesar didapatkan pada komposisi SK dan KJ masing-masing 10% dengan nilai 45,16 MPa. Derajat degradasi terbaik diperoleh untuk sampel dengan komposisi SK 5% dan KJ 15% sebesar 24,90%. Morfologi penampang bioafoam secara umum menunjukkan struktur serat berongga yang berasal dari serat kertas dan penjerapan udara akibat dari efek penambahan glutaraldehida. Secara umum sampel biofoam terbaik terwakilkan oleh sampel B5 dengan komposisi SK dan KJ masing-masing 10%. Berdasarkan hasil uji degradasi biofoam, penambahan konsentrasi kulit jeruk cukup konsisten dalam meningkatkan nilai derajat degradasi pada penelitian ini

Pemanfaatan Maltodextrin Singkong untuk Perekat Ramah Lingkungan dalam Pembuatan Papan Partikel dari Bagas Sorgum (Utilization of Cassava Maltodextrin for Eco-friendly Adhesive in the Manufacturing of Sorghum Bagasse Particleboard)

The development of natural adhesives derived from non-fossil resources is very important for the future. This research aimed to develop natural adhesive from maltodextrin and compare it with other natural adhesives such as citric acid and malic acid for particleboard production. The effect of the adhesive raw materials on the physical and mechanical properties of the particleboards was investigated. The sweet sorghum and those natural adhesives were used in the manufacturing of particleboard. The resin content of the natural adhesive was 20 wt% base on air-dried particles. The dimension and density target of the boards were 30 x 30 x 0,9 cm3 and 0,8 g/cm3, respectively. The particleboards were prepared by hot pressing at 200°C for 10 min. The physical and mechanical properties of particleboards were evaluated based on Japanese Industrial Standard for particleboard (JIS A 5908-2003). The results showed that the density, moisture content, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture met the requirements of the JIS A 5908-2003 standard, while the thickness swelling, water absorption, and internal bond did not meet the standard requirements. The results of FTIR analysis indicated the establishment of ester linkages due to the reaction between the natural adhesive and sorghum bagasse that contributed to the excellent physical and mechanical properties of the particleboard.Keywords: cassava, maltodextrin, natural adhesive, particleboard, sweet sorghu

KARAKTERISTIK PEMATANGAN DAN SIFAT MEKANIK KARET BANTALAN KAKI SEPEDA MOTOR DENGAN BAHAN PENGISI PASIR KUARSA

Penelitian tentang karakteristik pematangan dan sifat mekanik karet alam dengan pengisi pasir kuarsa untuk bantalan kaki sepeda motor telah dilakukan. Parameter mekanik bantalan kaki sepeda motor mengacu pada SNI 06-7032-2004. Pasir kuarsa sebagai pengisi dengan ukuran butir 100 mesh, untuk setiap perlakuan dengan perbandingan 60 phr, 65 phr, 70 phr dan 75 phr. Aktivator, koaktivator, pelunak, dan belerang dikondisikan. Hasil pengujian pematangan kompon untuk formula P1 dengan rasio pasir kuarsa 50 phr sebagai formula terbaik menghasilkan Smax = 4,62 kg/cm,Smin = 0,14 kg/cm, DS = 4,48 kg/cm, t90 = 5,28 min dan ts2 = 4,04 min. Hasil pengujian sifat mekanik nilai  kekerasan yaitu 57 Shore A, tegangan putus yaitu 188 kg/cm2 dan perpanjangan putus yaitu 560%.Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa karet vulkanisir untuk rubber step sepeda motor sesuai dengan SNI 06-7032-2004

Karakteristik Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) dari Kayu Jati Platinum Hasil Penjarangan dan Limbah Batang Kelapa Sawit (Characteristic of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) from Thinned Platinum Teak and Oil Palm Stem Waste)

The aim of this study was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of Cross laminated timber (CLT) made from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis. Jacq) stem waste combined with thinned platinum teak (Tectona grandis ) wood. CLT was made into two types, namely CLT type A (teak-palm-teak) and CLT type B (teak-teak-teak). The CLT was 150 cm in length and 20 cm in width, with variation of the thickness of 3,0 cm, 4,5 cm, and 6,0 cm, and the glue spread of 300 g/m². The results showed that CLT type B has better physical and mechanical properties than CLT type A. Generally, CLT made of lamina with a thickness of 4,5 cm showed the best performance of physical and mechanical properties. Platinum teak and palm oil stem waste have the potential to be used as a source of CLT raw materials because of the moisture content, flexural modulus (MOE), and fracture modulus (MOR) that meet the JAS 1152 standard.Keywords: Cross laminated timber, platinum teak, oil palm stem, physical properties, mechanical propertie

Resistance of Chip Block Pallet from Teak Wood Particle against Decay Fungi and Subterranean Termites

Wood biomass such as sawdust, particles, and chip obtained wood industry can be used as raw material for chip block pallets (CBP). This study evaluated the resistance of chip block pallets made from teak-sawn waste and polyurethane adhesive against decay fungi (white-rot and brown-rot fungi) and subterranean termites. The CBPs with dimensions of 9 × 9 × 9 cm and a target density of 0.6 g/cm3 were cold pressed at 9.8 MPa for 4 h using several polyurethane concentrations and composition of particle sizes. The termite and decay resistance tests were conducted following JIS K 1571 2004. The results showed that CBP treated with different polyurethane concentrations and composition of particle sizes was resistant to subterranean termite attacks. However, the CBP manufactured were not resistant to white-rot and brown-rot fungi attacks, showing more than 3% mass loss percentage. Considering the efficiency of polyurethane use, the study suggested the best content for using polyurethane in the manufacture of CBP is 4.5% with a particle size composition of 50 (4-14 mesh): 50 (> 60 mesh). Keywords: Biodeterioration, chip block pallet, polyurethane, teak wood particle

Effectiveness of Nanocatalyst in the Improvement of Sorghum Bagasse Particleboard Bonded with Bio-Adhesive

Modification in the manufacturing process of bio-adhesive need to be carried out to improve the properties of sorghum bagasse particleboard, such as adding nanocatalyst into the bio-based adhesive. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of nanocatalyst in enhancing the properties of sorghum bagasse particleboard. Each nanocatalyst, such as zinc oxide (ZnO) and graphene oxide (GO), has been added to the citric acid and molasses-based adhesives. The target density of the particleboard was 0.8 g/cm3, with a board size of 350 mm × 350 mm × 6 mm. The particleboard was pressed using a hot-pressing machine at a temperature of 200°C and 10 MPa of pressure for 10 min. The physical and mechanical properties of the particleboard were evaluated, referring to JIS A 5908:2022 standard. The result showed that adding GO into the citric acid-based adhesive obtained a higher modulus of rupture (MOR) and lower thickness swelling (TS) than the others. Consequently, adding GO is more effective than adding ZnO into the bio-based adhesive in enhancing the properties of the particleboard. Keywords: bagasse sorghum, citric acid, molasses, Nanocatalyst GO, Nanocatalyst Zn

Mechanical and Physical Properties of Biodegradable Foams Made from Sorghum Fiber and Rice Straw for Food Packaging Applications

This study investigates the potential of agricultural by-products, rich in lignocellulosic materials, as sustainable food packaging materials to mitigate the environmental issues associated with nonbiodegradable plastics and styrofoam. Starch-based biodegradable food trays were developed using agricultural by-products, including sorghum stalk, rice straw, and kraft pulp through thermopressing method. By combining varying proportions of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and a sorghum-rice straw fiber mixture, biodegradable foam products with notable strength, water resistance, and cost-effectiveness for large-scale production were produced, exhibiting densities between 0.7 and 0.8 gr/m³. Notably, a 5% PVA composition in the sorghum fiber biodegradable foam displayed favourable mechanical properties and water resistance, with a tensile strength of 5 MPa and a contact angle of 73.79°, coupled with an appealing physical appearance. However, increasing PVA concentration beyond this level had negligible effects, indicates the optimal limit of PVA. Additionally, the distinct roles of rice straw powder as a matrix and sorghum fiber as reinforcement within the biodegradable foam were identified. Biodegradation tests revealed natural decomposition starting from the seventh day, with over 95% growth of Aspergillus Niger fungus, suggesting that these biodegradable foam products hold promise for mass production in the packaging industry, presenting a sustainable alternative to conventional plastic packaging

スイートソルガムバガスとクエン酸を用いたパーティクルボードの開発

京都大学0048新制・課程博士博士(農学)甲第20766号農博第2249号新制||農||1054(附属図書館)学位論文||H29||N5086(農学部図書室)京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻(主査)教授 金山 公三, 教授 矢野 浩之, 教授 吉村 剛学位規則第4条第1項該当Doctor of Agricultural ScienceKyoto UniversityDFA