Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli in dairy goats with clinical and subclinical mastitis

Mastitis is a common disease in lactating goats that widespread throughout the world. This study aims to determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) and Escherichia coli(E. coli) in clinical and subclinical mastitis in does, and to identify the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated bacteria. A total of 145 milk samples were collected from different farms located around Besut and Setiu districts, Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. All does were screened for subclinical mastitis using the California Mastitis Test. Signs of clinical mastitis were recorded. The milk samples were inoculated on Mannitol salt agar, blood agar and Eosin-Methylene Blue agar. The isolated bacterial colonies were subjected to Gram’s staining and biochemical tests (catalase, coagulase, oxidase, triple sugar iron and Christie, Atkins, and Munch-Peterson tests) for identification. The susceptibility of S. aureus, S. agalactiae, and E. coli to the antibiotic was tested using disc diffusion assay. The prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis was 23% (34/145) and 40% (58/145) respectively. The bacteriological examinations revealed that 15/92 (16.3%), 6/92 (6.5%) and 1/92 (1.1%) of the mastitis samples were positive for S. aureus, S. agalactiae, and E. coli respectively. Overall resistance levels were very low except for S. aureus towards penicillin (22%) and tetracycline (11%) and for S. agalactiae towards penicillin (33.3%). In conclusion, S. aureus was the most frequently isolated organisms from the caprine mastitis followed by S. agalactiae and E. coli in the study area

Molecular detection and antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus in rabbits, rabbit handlers, and Rabbitry in Terengganu, Malaysia

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the prevalence and antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistance S. aureus (MRSA) in rabbits, rabbit handlers, and rabbitry environments in Terengganu. Materials and Methods: Swab samples from 183 rabbits (183 oral and 183 ear swabs), 45 rabbit handlers (45 oral and 45 nasal), and environmental (n = 180) samples from rabbitries were collected from 10 rabbit farms in Terengganu. The associated S. aureus isolates from the swabs were isolated using phenotypic microbiology tests. The bacteria were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction targeting nuc (S. aureus) and mecA (MRSA) genes. The antibiogram of all S. aureus isolates was determined using the Kirby–Bauer test. Results: Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 19% of rabbits, 26.7% of rabbit handlers, and 8.8% of swabs from the rabbitry environment. However, MRSA (0%) could not be detected. Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that S. aureus from rabbits showed low resistance (<20%) against 15 different antibiotics while fully susceptible to 4 antibiotics. Meanwhile, S. aureus from rabbit handlers showed high resistance against penicillin (86%), oxacillin (64%), and amoxicillin (50%). Conclusions: This study suggests the emergence of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus in rabbit farms settings. Therefore, careful selection of antimicrobial agents will be essential to preserve the effectiveness of treatments toward S. aureus infections

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus from Peninsular Malaysian animal handlers: molecular profile, antimicrobial resistance, immune evasion cluster and genotypic categorization

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in humans and animals, have become a significant concern globally. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and antibiogram of S. aureus isolated from animal handlers in Peninsular Malaysia. Furthermore, the genotypic characteristics of S. aureus isolates were also investigated. Nasal and oral swab samples were collected from 423 animal handlers in Peninsular Malaysia. The antibiogram profiles of S. aureus against 18 antibiotics were established using a Kirby–Bauer test. The genotypic profile of S. aureus, including the presence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), virulence genes and spa genotypes, was investigated using molecular techniques. The overall carriage rate of S. aureus, MRSA and MDRSA was 30.5%, 1.2% and 19.4%, respectively. S. aureus was highly resistant against penicillin (72.3%) and amoxicillin (52.3%). Meanwhile, gentamicin and linezolid were fully effective against all the isolated S. aureus from animal handlers. It was observed that animal handlers with close exposure to poultry were more likely to carry S. aureus that is resistant to tetracycline and erythromycin. S. aureus isolates harboured tetracycline resistance (tetK, tetL and tetM), erythromycin resistance (ermA, ermB, ermC and msrA) and immune evasion cluster (IEC) genes (scn, chp, sak, sea and sep). Seventeen different spa types were detected among the 30 isolates of MDRSA, with t189 (16.7%) and t4171 (16.7%) being the predominant spa type, suggesting wide genetic diversity of the MDRSA isolates. The present study demonstrated the prevalence of S. aureus strains, including MRSA and MDRSA with various antimicrobial resistance and genetic profiles from animal handlers in Peninsular Malaysia