Incidence of protein deficiency in relation to different diets in India

1. A method is presented for estimating the incidence of protein deficiency which takes due note of the association of protein deficiency with inadequate calorie intake and is applied to the data from dietary surveys in India. It is concluded that in only about one out of ten cases does protein deficiency occur as a direct result of inadequate protein intake. In the vast majority of cases protein deficiency is the result of inadequate intake of total energy. Protein which does not bring calories with it is therefore unlikely to make any significant contribution to the solution of the protein problem in India. 2. It is shown that diets based on cereals and pulses normally consumed by the people can meet man's needs for proteinat all ages provided enough food is taken to satisfy his energy needs. It is, however, important to ensure for infants a smooth transition from breast milk to solid diets. Special care is also necessary in the case of pregnant and lactating women. 3. The nature of protein deficiency is discussed in relation to different dietary patterns. The continuity implied in the bivariate distributions of calorie and protein intake is seen to provide a possible explanation of the experimental results on the development of kwashiorkor observed in animals on a diet short of both calories and protein and ondietspredominantly short of protein

Models for protein deficiency

Analysis of existing N balance data in adult man has shown that when body weight is constant protein requirements are regulated, much like energy. Data relating to daily N balance on fixed intakes have been examined for the nature and degree of intra-individual variation. It has been shown that for intakes in the range of 3.5 to 12 g N/day, the day-to-day fluctuations in N balance are not random but are serially correlated in an autoregression process. This implies that the daily N balance, like energy balance, is regulated. This regulation is produced by a probabilistic generating mechanism which remains constant through time. At very high or negligible N intakes this regulation is shown to break down, i.e., homeostasis can no longer be maintained. At high levels of protein, metabolism is altered, becoming more rapid than before, body weight increases, and the frequency and amplitude of oscillations become larger and irregular. At low levels of protein, body weight decreases, and the frequency and amplitude of the oscillations increase and decrease, respectively. In either case, the organism is under stress. The interpretation of the autoregression model is that the daily requirements for man in health will be distributed around a constant mean with stationary variance. It has been shown that the magnitude of this variance is comparable with the variation between individuals. The result is found to hold even when the daily requirement is averaged over several days. We conclude that protein deficiency must be defined as a failure of the process to be in statistical control, and not defined in the manner that assumes requirements to be fixed whereby if an individual consumes protein below this level, he suffers from protein deficiency. Based on the autoregression model, a method has been indicated for estimating the incidence of protein deficiency in the population

Fluvoxamine: A review of its mechanism of action and its role in COVID-19

Fluvoxamine is a well-tolerated, widely available, inexpensive selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that has been shown in a small, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study to prevent clinical deterioration of patients with mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Fluvoxamine is also an agonist for the sigma-1 receptor, through which it controls inflammation. We review here a body of literature that shows important mechanisms of action of fluvoxamine and other SSRIs that could play a role in COVID-19 treatment. These effects include: reduction in platelet aggregation, decreased mast cell degranulation, interference with endolysosomal viral trafficking, regulation of inositol-requiring enzyme 1α-driven inflammation and increased melatonin levels, which collectively have a direct antiviral effect, regulate coagulopathy or mitigate cytokine storm, which are known hallmarks of severe COVID-19

Serial experiments

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Baxter T-Q Equation for Shape Invariant Potentials. The Finite-Gap Potentials Case

The Darboux transformation applied recurrently on a Schroedinger operator generates what is called a {\em dressing chain}, or from a different point of view, a set of supersymmetric shape invariant potentials. The finite-gap potential theory is a special case of the chain. For the finite-gap case, the equations of the chain can be expressed as a time evolution of a Hamiltonian system. We apply Sklyanin's method of separation of variables to the chain. We show that the classical equation of the separation of variables is the Baxter T-Q relation after quantization.Comment: 25 pages, no figures Extended section 10, one reference added. Version accepted for publication in Jurnal of Mathematical Physic

Readily available drugs and other interventions to potentially improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade in cancer

To improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for cancer treatment, various strategies, including combination therapies with repurposed drugs, are being explored. Several readily available interventions with potential to enhance programmed death 1 (PD-1) blockade have been identified. However, these interventions often remain overlooked due to the lack of financial incentives for their development, making them financial orphans. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding off-label drugs, supplements, and other readily available interventions that could improve the efficacy of PD-1 blockade. The summary of each intervention includes the proposed mechanism of action for combination with checkpoint inhibitors and data from animal and human studies. Additionally, we include summaries of common interventions to be avoided by patients on PD-1 blockade. Finally, we present approaches for conducting further studies in patients, with the aim of expediting the clinical development of these interventions. We strive to increase awareness of readily available combination therapies that may advance cancer immunotherapy and help patients today

New Shape Invariant Potentials in Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics

Quantum mechanical potentials satisfying the property of shape invariance are well known to be algebraically solvable. Using a scaling ansatz for the change of parameters, we obtain a large class of new shape invariant potentials which are reflectionless and possess an infinite number of bound states. They can be viewed as q-deformations of the single soliton solution corresponding to the Rosen-Morse potential. Explicit expressions for energy eigenvalues, eigenfunctions and transmission coefficients are given. Included in our potentials as a special case is the self-similar potential recently discussed by Shabat and Spiridonov.Comment: 8pages, Te

Broken Supersymmetric Shape Invariant Systems and Their Potential Algebras

Although eigenspectra of one dimensional shape invariant potentials with unbroken supersymmetry are easily obtained, this procedure is not applicable when the parameters in these potentials correspond to broken supersymmetry, since there is no zero energy eigenstate. We describe a novel two-step shape invariance approach as well as a group theoretic potential algebra approach for solving such broken supersymmetry problems.Comment: Latex file, 10 page

Random sampling for estimating rice yield in Kolaba, Bombay

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