Study of interior temperature distribution and implementation of smart materials In the truck cabin during summer conditions

Temperature in the inner part of the automotive vehicle compartment is very important to provide affluent state to the passengers. Temperature in the interior part of the chamber will be improve, when the automobile is parked right under neath the sunlight. The radiation episode to the surface varies from second to second based upon its geographical position (latitude and longitude of the place), orientation, season, time of the day and atmospheric conditions. Inadvertence of clouds, the daily average illumination for the Earth is nearly 230 W/m2 .Major 13 hottest cities in these four zones were considered to study interior temperature and heat contents in the truck cabin. The data of temperatures in these cities at the interval of 11 am to 2 pm were collected for month of March to Mid of June for 2010 to 2017, and average max temperature and Relative Humidity (RH) were identified for these years .These values are further used for the calculations of Zenith (altitude) angle, azimuth (longitudinal) angle, and Sky temperature. In the mathematical modelling, CFD analysis, and heat transfer mechanism – equations for conduction, convention and radiation through vehicle body and window glasses is important to determine interior truck cabin temperature, distribution and heat, then changing the material of the truck depending upon the CFD analysis done. Materials such as thermo electric materials, phase change materials and solar cells are implemented with electrical integration system. This research proposes a new perspective that by implementing these materials reduce of cabin internal temperature to a larger extent can be done and increase the fuel efficiency during summer.All in all, it can be terminated that by switch of the materials is the best method in reducing the interior temperature inside the truck cabin

Impact and internal pressure failure of E-glass and S-glass epoxy composite elbow pipe joints influenced by sea water

Consequences of sea water absorption on the impact behaviour of glass/epoxy composite elbow pipe joints were experimentally investigated. Glass-epoxy elbow pipe joints using E-glass and S-glass were fabricated via the hand layup method. The pipe joints were immersed in water as per the current conditions for 0, 3 and 6 months. The relation between the unaged and aged samples was studied by calculating the contact force, displacement and absorbed energy values from the impact tests. Therefore, it is concluded that sea water raised the ageing period of both E-glass/epoxy and S-glass/epoxy fibre-reinforced composite elbow pipe joints which resulted in the degradation between the fibre and resin interface and which was prominent in the elbow joints fabricated with E-glass rather than the one’s fabricated with the proposed S-glass fibre

Mechanical charaterization of S-glass and E-glass reinforced epoxy composite elbow pipe joints submerged in sea water

In many engineering applications composite pipes are generally used because of their high strength and stiffness, excellent fatigue and corrosion resistance. More than 70 percent of the world’s oil and gas transport pipelines are beyond 40 years old and there is a need to change them due to their gradual degradation in their operating environment. This research experimentally investigated the implication of sea water immersion on the impact behaviour of glass/epoxy composite elbow pipe joints. Glass-epoxy elbow pipe joints with E-glass and S-glass were fabricated using hand lay-up method. The pipe joints were immersed under sea water for 3 and 6-month periods, after which they were impacted according to ASTM D2444 at three different energy levels of 10 J, 12.5 J and 15 J at room temperature. Then they underwent monotonic burst pressure tests (ASTM D1599) and axial compression tests (ASTM D695–15). Finally the split disk tests (ASTM D2290) were performed on the untreated E-glass and S-glass pipe rings. The results showed that the contact force was higher in E-glass pipe joints with a mean value of 1.8 kN compare to 0.98 kN in S-glass pipe joints. S-glass pipe joints also showed maximum final displacement of 8 mm whereas it was only 6.5 mm for the elbow joints fabricated with E-glass. It was observed that the axial compressive strength was 957.50 MPa in the S-glass elbow pipe joints and was only 339.87 MPa in the elbow joints fabricated with E-glass fiber. Eruption and weepage failures were detected from the burst pressure tests in accordance to the applied impact energies and exposure time to sea water. At the pressure of 17.23 MPa, the E-glass elbow pipe joints damage was discovered to rupture but samples made of S-glass fiber have achieved whiteness first and then after reaching the pressure of 18.1 MPa the samples ruptured. The split disk tests concluded that the performance of tubular specimens under internal pressure developed high hoop stresses of 17.11 MPa and 22.24 MPa respectively for the E-glass and S-glass tubular rings. It can be concluded that after impact, internal pressure, axial compressive strength and hoop tensile strength, S-glass elbow joints showed more elastic nature, strain efficiency and strength when compared with the E-glass elbow pipe joints under both dry and submerged in the sea water

Probability Study on the Thermal Stress Distribution in Thick HK40 Stainless Steel Pipe Using Finite Element Method

The present work deals with the development of a finite element methodology for obtaining the stress distributions in thick cylindrical HK40 stainless steel pipe that carries high-temperature fluids. The material properties and loading were assumed to be random variables. Thermal stresses that are generated along radial, axial, and tangential directions are generally computed using very complex analytical expressions. To circumvent such an issue, probability theory and mathematical statistics have been applied to many engineering problems, which allows determination of the safety both quantitatively and objectively based on the concepts of reliability. Monte Carlo simulation methodology is used to study the probabilistic characteristics of thermal stresses, and was implemented to estimate the probabilistic distributions of stresses against the variations arising due to material properties and load. A 2-D probabilistic finite element code was developed in MATLAB, and the deterministic solution was compared with ABAQUS solutions. The values of stresses obtained from the variation of elastic modulus were found to be low compared to the case where the load alone was varying. The probability of failure of the pipe structure was predicted against the variations in internal pressure and thermal gradient. These finite element framework developments are useful for the life estimation of piping structures in high-temperature applications and for the subsequent quantification of the uncertainties in loading and material properties

Environmental effects on the mechanical properties of E-glass and S-glass fiber epoxy composite ring specimens used in aircraft fuel pipes

An experimental investigation was performed in predicting the consequences of the exposure to seawater and moisture absorption on the mechanical properties of two different GFRE pipe rings made of E-glass and S-glass fiber and utilized in aircraft fuel pipe line system. Filament winded tubular composite pipe rings were immersed in seawater for two, four and six months, respectively and their moisture absorption was noted. The outcomes exhibit a remarkable decrease in fatigue life for saturated GFRE sample rings. In contrast, a water absorption up to 40% of the maximum content exhibited no impact. The tests revealed debonding and cracks in the fiber and matrix interphase in the case of samples immersed in seawater on a long-term basis, although the applied mechanical load was zero.</jats:p

Fluid flow and static structural analysis of E-glass versus S2-glass fiber/epoxy reinforced pipe joints

Glass fiber/epoxy reinforced composite pipes are regularly used in the field were circulation of extreme pressured chemical fluids, transfer of industrial wastes, oil and natural gas transmission occurs. In oil and natural gas industry, the heavy crude oil transporting pipe lines are exposed to unsteady pressure waves which generate rise and fall stress levels in the pipes. Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis was implemented using Ansys 15.0 Fluent software to investigate the consequences of these pressure waves on some detailed joints in the pipes. Relating on the type of heavy crude oil being employed, the flow behaviour stated a significant degree of stress levels in evident connecting joints, causing the joints to become weak over a sustained period of usage. In this analysis comparison of various pipe joints was done by using different material and the end result of the stress volume in the pipe joints were checked so that the life of the pipe joints can be optimized by the change of material

Impact and internal pressure failure of E-glass and S-glass epoxy composite elbow pipe joints influenced by sea water

Consequences of sea water absorption on the impact behaviour of glass/epoxy composite elbow pipe joints were experimentally investigated. Glass-epoxy elbow pipe joints using E-glass and S-glass were fabricated via the hand layup method. The pipe joints were immersed in water as per the current conditions for 0, 3 and 6 months. The relation between the unaged and aged samples was studied by calculating the contact force, displacement and absorbed energy values from the impact tests. Therefore, it is concluded that sea water raised the ageing period of both E-glass/epoxy and S-glass/epoxy fibre-reinforced composite elbow pipe joints which resulted in the degradation between the fibre and resin interface and which was prominent in the elbow joints fabricated with E-glass rather than the one’s fabricated with the proposed S-glass fibre. </jats:p

Analysis on the Impact Behaviors of E and S-glass Composite Elbow Pipe Joints Exposed to Impact Loading Followed by Axial Compression

This article investigates the effects of impact and compressive behaviors of impacted E-glass/epoxy and S-glass/epoxy composite elbow pipe joints. In a bid to measure the transverse impact and residual compressive strength, the composite elbow pipe joints were subjected to impact test at room temperature, followed by the axial compression test. Moreover, various impact energy levels of 10, 12.5, and 15 J were utilized to test the elbow pipe joints using an instrumented impact testing machine at room temperature. Results indicated that the force–deflection behavior and failure mechanism was more than impact energy with the type of material used. Compressive strength commonly decreases with the increase in the impact energy and the type of material used.</p