Introduction to Plasma Based Propulsion System: Hall Thrusters

Technically, there are two types of propulsion systems namely chemical and electric depending on the sources of the fuel. Electrostatic thrusters are used for launching small satellites in low earth orbit which are capable to provide thrust for long time intervals. These thrusters consume less fuel compared to chemical propulsion systems. Therefore for the cost reduction interests, space scientists are interested to develop thrusters based on electric propulsion technology. This chapter is intended to serve as a general overview of the technology of electric propulsion (EP) and its applications. Plasma based electric propulsion technology used for space missions with regard to the spacecraft station keeping, rephrasing and orbit topping applications. Typical thrusters have a lifespan of 10,000 h and produce thrust of 0.1–1 N. These devices have E→×B→ configurations which is used to confine electrons, increasing the electron residence time and allowing more ionization in the channel. Almost 2500 satellites have been launched into orbit till 2020. For example, the ESA SMART-1 mission (Small Mission for Advanced Research in Technology) used a Hall thruster to escape Earth orbit and reach the moon with a small satellite that weighed 367 kg. These satellites carrying small Hall thrusters for orbital corrections in space as thrust is needed to compensate for various ambient forces including atmospheric drag and radiation pressure. The chapter outlines the electric propulsion thruster systems and technologies and their shortcomings. Moreover, the current status of potential research to improve the electric propulsion systems for small satellite has been discussed

Studies of Terahertz Sources and Their Applications

The contributed chapter discuss the applications of terahertz radiations and its generation mechanism through laser plasma interactions. The methods of generation of terahertz radiations from plasma wake field acceleration, higher harmonic generation and the laser beat wave plasma frequency are reviewed. The nonlinear current density oscillate the plasma at beat wave frequency under the effect of ponderomotive force and excite the terahertz radiation at beat wave frequency. The current state of the arts of the methods of generation has been incorporated. The mathematical expression of ponderomotive force has been derived under the influence of gradient of laser fields. In additions, the future challenge and their overcomes are also been discussed

Sensing and Detection Capabilities of One-Dimensional Defective Photonic Crystal Suitable for Malaria Infection Diagnosis from Preliminary to Advanced Stage: Theoretical Study

In the present research work we have examined the biosensing capabilities of one-dimensional photonic crystals with defects for the detection and sensing of malaria infection in humans by investigating blood samples containing red blood cells. This theoretical scheme utilizes a transfer matrix formulation in addition to MATLAB software under normal incidence conditions. The purpose of considering normal incidence is to rule out the difficulties associated with oblique incidence. We have examined the performance of various structures of cavity layer thicknesses 1000 nm, 2200 nm, 3000 nm and 5000 nm. The comparison between the performances of various structures of different cavity thickness helps us to select the structure of particular cavity thicknesses giving optimum biosensing performance. Thus, the proper selection of cavity thickness is one of the most necessary requirements because it also decides how much volume of the blood sample has to be poured into the cavity to produce results of high accuracy. Moreover, the sensing and detection capabilities of the proposed design have been evaluated by examining the sensitivity, figure of merit and quality factor values of the design, corresponding to optimum cavity thickness

Gondraena latipalpis Jach 1994

2. Gondraena latipalpis Jäch, 1994 Gondraena latipalpis Jäch, 1994: 90, figs. 14-19; Hansen, 1998: 20. TL: India, Kerala, Palni Hills, Top Station 30 km E Munnar (10°08’N, 77°15’E), from seepage water. TD: NMW. Distribution. India: Kerala (Palni Hills).Published as part of Ghosh, Joyjit, Saini, Jagdish, Gupta, Devanshu, Ghosh, Sujit Kumar & Chandra, Kailash, 2022, A Catalogue of Indian Hydraenidae (Insecta: Coleoptera), pp. 558-570 in Zootaxa 5087 (4) on page 560, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5087.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/583293

Hydraena (Hydraena) cirrata Champion 1920

7. Hydraena (Hydraena) cirrata Champion, 1920 Hydraena cirrata Champion, 1920a: 69, fig. 1; Hansen, 1998: 40; Jäch et al., 2000: 252; Jäch, 2004; Jäch & Skale, 2009: 186, figs. 4, 9, 29; Jäch & Skale, 2015: 133. TL: Kumayu (= Kumaon), West Almora, eastern Uttaranchal, northern India. TD: BMNH. Distribution: India: Himachal Pradesh (Kulu) and Uttarakhand (Kumaun, West Almora). Elsewhere: Nepal.Published as part of Ghosh, Joyjit, Saini, Jagdish, Gupta, Devanshu, Ghosh, Sujit Kumar & Chandra, Kailash, 2022, A Catalogue of Indian Hydraenidae (Insecta: Coleoptera), pp. 558-570 in Zootaxa 5087 (4) on page 561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5087.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/583293

Gondraena indica Jach 1994

1. Gondraena indica Jäch, 1994 Gondraena indica Jäch, 1994: 87, figs. 1, 3-13, 26-31; Hansen, 1998: 20. TL: India, Kerala, Palni Hills, Kodiakanal, Pallangi (10°15’N, 77°30’E). TD: NMW. Distribution. India: Kerala (Kodaikanal: Palni Hills) and Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills).Published as part of Ghosh, Joyjit, Saini, Jagdish, Gupta, Devanshu, Ghosh, Sujit Kumar & Chandra, Kailash, 2022, A Catalogue of Indian Hydraenidae (Insecta: Coleoptera), pp. 558-570 in Zootaxa 5087 (4) on page 560, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5087.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/583293

Hydraena (Hydraenopsis) tenuis

16. Hydraena (Hydraenopsis) tenuis (Janssens, 1980) Hydraenopsis tenuis Janssens, 1980: 3. Hydraenea tenuis: Hansen, 1998: 59; Jäch et al., 2000: 257. TL: India, Madhya Pradesh, nr Jabalpur. Distribution: India: Madhya Pradesh (Jabalpur).Published as part of Ghosh, Joyjit, Saini, Jagdish, Gupta, Devanshu, Ghosh, Sujit Kumar & Chandra, Kailash, 2022, A Catalogue of Indian Hydraenidae (Insecta: Coleoptera), pp. 558-570 in Zootaxa 5087 (4) on page 562, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5087.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/583293

Hydraena (Hydraenopsis) formula Orchymont 1932

12. Hydraena (Hydraenopsis) formula Orchymont, 1932 Hydraena formula Orchymont, 1932: 655; Hansen, 1998: 43; Jäch et al., 2000: 256; Jäch et al., 2013: 54; Jäch & Skale, 2015: 142. TL: Vietnam, Tonkin, Lac Tho nr Hoa Binh. TD: ISNB. Distribution: India: Sikkim and West Bengal (Darjeeling). Elsewhere: China, Indonesia, Nepal, Singapore, and Vietnam.Published as part of Ghosh, Joyjit, Saini, Jagdish, Gupta, Devanshu, Ghosh, Sujit Kumar & Chandra, Kailash, 2022, A Catalogue of Indian Hydraenidae (Insecta: Coleoptera), pp. 558-570 in Zootaxa 5087 (4) on page 562, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5087.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/583293

Targeted delivery of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid to lungs in the form of an inhaler for the management of tuberculosis: Pharmacokinetic and toxicity assessment

Introduction Ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA) are triterpenoids. They are used to treat numerous diseases, including tuberculosis. Combinations of these drugs provide new insight into the management of tuberculosis. The major obstacle is the effective delivery of these drugs to the lungs, which are mainly affected due to M. tuberculosis. A metered-dose inhaler (MDI) was developed to address this issue containing UA and OA, followed by in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation. Methods In the present study, MDI formulation was prepared by incorporating UA and OA at the dose level of 120 μg/ml in each actuation. In-vitro evaluation of this MDI formulation was performed to ensure its suitability to deliver UA and OA preciously. With prior approval of IAEC, a pharmacokinetic and acute inhalation toxicity study was conducted using MDI on Wistar rats. Results The pharmacokinetic study showed an increased biological half-life of UA (9.23±0.104 h) and OA (8.93±0.166 h) in combination therapy. In-vivo toxicity study demonstrated no adverse effects on body weight and vital organs in the treatment group compared with the control group. Histopathology examination of these essential organs showed no abnormalities. Mild alternation in the biochemical and hematological parameters was observed. However, these alterations did not affect the overall health of the animals. Conclusion The present study documents a detailed study for the safety and pharmacokinetics of UA and OA in-vivo for their advanced application in tuberculosis disease

Ochthebius (Ochthebius) orientalis Janssens 1962

40. Ochthebius (Ochthebius) orientalis Janssens, 1962 Ochthebius (Bothochius) orientalis Janssens, 1962: 5; Hansen, 1998: 108; Jäch & Sharma, 1998: 604; Jäch & Skale, 2015: 158. Chaetochthebius orientalis: Ieniştea, 1988: 220. TL: Afghanistan, Nuristan, Konar prov., Bashgul. TD: ZUG. Distribution: India: Uttarakhand. Elsewhere: Afghanistan, Nepal, and Tajikistan.Published as part of Ghosh, Joyjit, Saini, Jagdish, Gupta, Devanshu, Ghosh, Sujit Kumar & Chandra, Kailash, 2022, A Catalogue of Indian Hydraenidae (Insecta: Coleoptera), pp. 558-570 in Zootaxa 5087 (4) on pages 565-566, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5087.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/583293