Hasan Gürak, Economic Growth and Development: Theories, Criticisms and an Alternative Growth Model

Abstract. The book that consists of 240 pages including the bibliography and contains the following sections and chapters; The Foreword: This contains a few brief remarks regarding the philosophy of science and philosophy of economics. The remarks are, in principle, both relevant and appropriate in terms of the “general principles” with regard to science, the science of economics, the nature of science as well as the duties of a scientist. The author’s remarks underline that “neoclassical economics” which is widely acknowledged as the school that economics seems to represent, is, in fact, a more “ideological model” than a true scientific and realistic basis for economics and, in fact, favors the “dominant classes” in the society.Keywords. Economic growth, Economic development, Alternative growth models.JEL. F40, F43, O10, O20

Investigation of midgut's ultrastructure of Notonecta viridis Decourt, 1909 and Notonecta maculata Fab., 1794 Hemiptera:Notonectidae

I n this study, midgut’s ultrastructure of the Notonecta viridis and Notonecta maculata was examined under transmission electron microscope TEM . It was observed that midgut of the Notonecta viridis and Notonecta maculata are almost similar. Digestive canal is divided into three parts as foregut, midgut and hindgut. Midgut is wider and longer part than other parts of digestive canal. Midgut’s heamasoel side is covered with muscular tissue and connective tissue and lumen side is covered with epithelial tissue. Epithelial layer consists of three different cells: Endocrine cells, regenerative cells and enterocytes cells. Endocrine cells possess secretory granules in the cytoplasm and they have the basement membrane folding in basal. Regenerative cells are small undifferentiated cells which are responsible for cellular regeneration. Enterocyte cells have many mitochondria and deep basal membrane folding in basal

Effects of Essential Oils for Broiler Chicks with Delayed Feeding after Hatching 2. Morphological Development of Small Intestine

The study investigated the effects of oregano- or red pepper-essential oil at delayed feeding (0, 24 and 48 h post-hatching) on performance and morphological development of small intestine segments. Female broilers were fed one of 3 rations including a control ration with no essential oil (CONT), the rations added with either oregano essential oil (OEO) or red pepper essential oil (RPEO) at 250 mg/kg to CONT. A total of 18 chicks from each treatment were used to measure the morphological parameters of the small intestine segments on the 14th day. Prolongation of accessing time to ration significantly decreased the body weights of broilers at 3rd, 7th and 14th d, feed intake (FI) from 4 to 7 d and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broilers at the period of 4-7 d. Access to ration for 48 h post-hatching significantly decreased the body weight gains at the period of 4-7 and 7-14 d, FI from 7 to 14 d and improved FCR of broilers at the period of 7-14 d. OEO250 ration significantly increased villus height (VH) and villus surface area (VSA) of jejunum (J) and ileum (I) of broilers fed immediately and the IVH and IVSA of broiler accessed to ration for 48 h post-hatching. VH of duodenum (D), IVH and IVSA of broilers fed for 24 h post-hatching were significantly increased by RPEO250 ration. OEO250 and RPEO250 rations significantly reduced crypt depth (CD) of D and J of broiler accessed to ration for immediate and DCD of broiler fed for 24 h post-hatching. OEO250 and RPEO250 rations significantly increased IVH and IVSA and reduced DCD, JCD and ICD of broilers. In conclusion, OEO250 and RPEO250 rations affected positively VH and VSA of I and reduced CDs of small intestine segments of broilers accessed to ration at different times

Investigation of Poison Gland of Sphex flavipennis Fabrius, 1793 Hymenoptera: Sphecidae : Morphology and Ultrastructure

T he structure of poison gland of Sphex flavipennis was investigated by using, scannig electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Poison apparatus consists of poison gland, poison sac, Dufour’s gland and poison needle. Poison is produced in a gland consisting of two ramified glandular tubules terminating in a common sac. Each tubule is 6-8 mm in length and approximately 90 μm in diameter. These tubules are lined with the secretory cells and duct cells. The secretory cells have a well-developed secretory unit which is open to the lumen of tubules. In addition, there are free ribosomes, large secretory vesicle and a few mitochondria in the cells. Apical surface of cells are lined by irregular microvilli. Glandular tubules go into pear-like sac. Apical surface of the cells in the poison sac are lined cuticle. Outer surface of poison sac is surrounded muscle fibril and connective tissue. Lumen side of glandular tubules and poison sac are surrounded with monolayer epithelial cell

An Edible Mushroom With Medicinal Significance; Auricularia polytricha

Auricularia polytricha, also known as wood ear mushroom, is a macrofungus. The aim of study was to determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of A. polytricha extracts with two different solutions. We used ethanol and distilled water as a solvent in order to prepare mushroom extracts. The water and ethanol extracts were evaluated for the total antioxidant status according to the procedures described in TAS Assay Kit Rel Assay Diagnostics®, Turkey . Antimicrobial activity was investigated with disc diffusion method against two gram positive bacteria, two gram negative bacteria and one yeast. TAS values of ethanol extracts were determined higher than that of in distilled water extracts. In addition, it was observed that ethanol extracts have antimicrobial activity whereas water extracts have no antimicrobial activity. Ethanol extracts were more effective against Candida albicans 15.6 ± 1.5 mm than other microorganisms. Significantly, ethanol extracts of mushroom showed antifungal activity. Among other four test microorganisms, Pseudomonas aeroginosa 13.1 ± 1.9 mm had higher antimicrobial activity. In conclusion, the investigation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of edible mushrooms have become important for the discovery of new antimicrobial agents. A. polytricha has both antioxidant and antimicrobial properties against to C. albicans, E. coli, E. faecalis, P. aeroginosa, and S. aureus. And also, other positive contributions to health of this mushroom will be determined by means of the other studies planne

The cytologic investigation of brow adipose tissue of D.laniger Felten Storch, 1968 Mammalia: Rodentia in hibernation

T his study was conducted on the D.laniger samples maintained in the laboratory condition after collecting from the natural environment. Investigations were performed in the experimental groups in the active period at the time of hibernation and at the period of intermediate awakening during hibernation. The brown adipose tissue BAT of these animals investigated was removed by dissection. The tissue samples dissected were prepared for the analysis at Transmission Electron Microscopy TEM and photographed. It was observed for the D. laniger BAT cells in the active period that there are high amount mitochondria and whereas the scarce amount of the lipid droplets. However, it was drawn attention to BAT cell of animals in hibernation that there plenty of capillary vessels and lipid droplets between them. The contact between lipid droplets with each other in the cytoplasm of animal at intermediate awakening in the winter during hibernation and cytoplasmic material loss and melting of mitochondria cristae partly were observed. These results of this study suggest that it may be useful to understand the importance of the brown adipose tissue of some hibernating mammal

Investigation of the midgut structure and ultrastructure in Cimex lectularius and Cimex pipistrelli (Hemiptera, Cimicidae)

Cimicidae are temporary ectoparasites, which means that they cannot obtain food continuously. Both Cimex species examined here, Cimex lectularius (Linnaeus 1758) and Cimex pipistrelli (Jenyns 1839), can feed on a non-natal host, C. lectularius from humans on bats, C. pipistrelli on humans, but never naturally. The midgut of C. lectularius and C. pipistrelli is composed of three distinct regions—the anterior midgut (AMG), which has a sack-like shape, the long tube-shaped middle midgut (MMG), and the posterior midgut (PMG). The different ultrastructures of the AMG, MMG, and PMG in both of the species examined suggest that these regions must fulfill different functions in the digestive system. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the AMG fulfills the role of storing food and synthesizing and secreting enzymes, while the MMG is the main organ for the synthesis of enzymes, secretion, and the storage of the reserve material. Additionally, both regions, the AMG and MMG, are involved in water absorption in the digestive system of both Cimex species. The PMG is the part of the midgut in which spherites accumulate. The results of our studies confirm the suggestion of former authors that the structure of the digestive tract of insects is not attributed solely to diet but to the basic adaptation of an ancestor

Pore scale simulation of three-phase flow

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