DNA repair and mutagenesis in the UV-sensitive mutant UVSI of Aspergillus nidulans

The effects of a newly mapped DNA repair-defective mutant, uvsI, on mutagen sensitivities and mutation were investigated. Results showed that uvsI differs for most of the investigated properties from other uvs mutants of A. nidulans which are known to belong to three different epistatic groups, "UvsF", "UvsC", and "UvsB". Most of these mutants are sterile and many of them alter mitotic recombination frequencies, while uvsI exhibits normal levels of meiotic and mitotic recombination. In addition, uvsI strains are not more sensitive than wild type to MMS (methyl methanesulfonate) to which all other uvs strains are sensitive. However, the uvsI mutant was found to be very sensitive to the killing effects of UV light and the chemical mutagen, 4-NQO (4-nitro-quinoline-N-oxide). In line with the distinct phenotype of uvsI, no epistatic interactions were found for this mutant with any members of the established three epistatic groups. The effects of uvsI on mutagenesis are highly specific and dependent on the mutational test systems. In the uvsI mutant, two types of forward mutation were not affected, but spontaneous and UV-induced reversion frequencies of choA1 and pabaA1 were significantly reduced. Specific effects were further demonstrated in reversion tests of various sC alleles originally isolated as selenate resistant mutants by treatment with EMS (ethyl methanesulfonate), which leads mainly to G:C to A:T transitions. After EMS treatment uvsI mutants showed highly reduced reversion frequencies for all these sC alleles (except one) compared to $uvs sp+$ strains. These results suggest that the uvsI mutation may be defective in AT to GC transition mutagenesis, while increasing transversion(s) from A:T base pairs. In contrast, uvsI affected the frequencies of spontaneous and UV-induced reversions for these sC alleles in a variety of ways. Thus, uvsI may well represent a fourth functional and epistatic group of DNA repair and possibly be involved in a minor mutagenic D

Pathogenicity of wild-type, Δ<i>Moadh1</i> and Δ<i>Mosre1</i>.

<p>(A) The pathogenicity assay was performed by spraying a conidia suspension (5 × 10⁴ conidia/ml) of each strain onto susceptible rice seedlings. Photographs were taken 7 days after inoculation. (B) The pathogenicity assay via drop inoculation was examined. Conidia suspension (10⁵ conidia/ml) was dropped onto detached rice leaves and incubated at room temperature. dpi, days post inoculation.</p

Genome-Wide Analysis of Hypoxia-Responsive Genes in the Rice Blast Fungus, <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i>

<div><p>Rice blast fungus, <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i>, is the most destructive pathogen in the rice-growing area. This fungus has a biotrophic phase early in infection and later switches to a necrotrophic lifestyle. During the biotrophic phase, the fungus competes with its host for nutrients and oxygen. Continuous uptake of oxygen is essential for successful establishment of blast disease of this pathogen. Here, we report transcriptional responses of the fungus to oxygen limitation. Transcriptome analysis using RNA-Seq identified that 1,047 genes were up-regulated in response to hypoxia. Those genes are involved in mycelial development, sterol biosynthesis, and metal ion transport based on hierarchical GO terms, and are well-conserved among three fungal species. In addition, null mutants of two hypoxia-responsive genes were generated and their roles in fungal development and pathogenicity tested. The mutant for the sterol regulatory element-binding protein gene, <i>MoSRE1</i>, exhibited increased sensitivity to a hypoxia-mimicking agent, increased conidiation, and delayed invasive growth within host cells, which is suggestive of important roles in fungal development. However, such defects did not cause any significant decrease in disease severity. The other null mutant, for the alcohol dehydrogenase gene <i>MoADH1</i>, showed no defect in the hypoxia-mimicking condition (using cobalt chloride) and fungal development. Taken together, this comprehensive transcriptional profiling in response to a hypoxic condition with experimental validations would provide new insights into fungal development and pathogenicity in plant pathogenic fungi.</p></div

Schematic diagram of SREBP regulation for adaptation to hypoxia.

<p>Sterols control activation of SREBP: it is inactive in the presence of and active in the absence of sterols. Growth in limited oxygen conditions inevitably resulted in a lack of sterols, activating SREBP. Increases in enzymes for sterol biosynthesis and other oxygen-dependent pathways produce more sterols, which can be used for mycelial growth.</p

The steroid biosynthesis pathway in <i>M</i>. <i>oryzae</i>.

<p>Intermediates are boxed in white and final products are boxed in black. Genes involved in the pathway are circled. Numbers in the gene names are gene IDs that start with ‘MGG.’ Up-regulated genes are colored in red and down-regulated genes in blue. ‘No significant regulation’ is colored in white.</p

The <i>in planta</i> expressed genes in the hypoxia-induced transcriptome.

<p>The <i>in planta</i> expressed genes in the hypoxia-induced transcriptome.</p

Significant GO terms in response to hypoxia.

<p>Significant GO terms in response to hypoxia.</p

Invasive growth, oxidative stress sensitivity and enzyme activity of the wild-type, Δ<i>Moadh1</i> and Δ<i>Mosre1</i>.

<p>(A) Infectious growth was observed in rice sheath cells. A conidial suspension (2 × 10⁴ conidia/ml) was inoculated into the excised rice sheath. Photographs were taken 48 hours after incubation. Scale bar indicates 20 μm. (B) Frequency of infected rice cells was determined by counting at least 100 appressorium-mediated penetration pegs with three replicates. Invasive growth was observed as described above. 1, Move to adjacent cell; 2, One cell filled; 3, Primary hyphae; 4, No penetration. (C) Extracellular oxidative stress sensitivity of the wild-type and two deletion mutants were examined. Wild-type and two deletion mutants were inoculated on CM and CM including 2.5 or 5 mM H₂O₂ and 3 mM methyl viologen (MV). (D) Wild-type, Δ<i>Mosre1</i> and <i>Mosre1c</i> were inoculated on CM containing 200 ppm Congo Red. Discoloration (halo) of Congo Red was observed at 9 days after incubation.</p

Mycelial growth of <i>M</i>. <i>oryzae</i> on CoCl₂-containing medium.

<p>Wild-type and two deletion mutants were inoculated on MM with or without CoCl₂. Plates were incubated at room temperature for 9 days. MM: minimal medium. Two-way ANOVA was performed with Dunnett’s multiple comparison.</p

Pathogenicity of wild-type, Δ<i>Moadh1</i> and Δ<i>Mosre1</i>.

<p>(A) The pathogenicity assay was performed by spraying a conidia suspension (5 × 10⁴ conidia/ml) of each strain onto susceptible rice seedlings. Photographs were taken 7 days after inoculation. (B) The pathogenicity assay via drop inoculation was examined. Conidia suspension (10⁵ conidia/ml) was dropped onto detached rice leaves and incubated at room temperature. dpi, days post inoculation.</p