Faktor Risiko Kegagalan Pengobatan Ulang Pasien Tuberkulosis di YOGYAKARTA

Risk factors of unsuccess retreatment among tuberculosis patients in YogyakartaPurposeThe purpose of this study was to identify risk factors related to unsuccessful retreatment of tuberculosis cases in Yogyakarta. MethodsA case-control study was conducted at the health offices of five districts from the tuberculosis registry (TB 03 and TB 01) since 2008-2014. Case group criterion was defined as unsuccessful retreatment of tuberculosis patients, whereas the control group consisted of successful retreatment of tuberculosis patients (cure or complete treatment). A total of 142 cases and 142 controls were analysed with univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses. Chi-square tests were conducted with p<0.05 and odds ratio (OR) at confidence interval 95%. Results Bivariate analysis showed that regular taking of a drug, conversion of acid-fast bacilli, and type of health services were statistically related to unsuccessful retreatment tuberculosis. Logistic regression showed that regular taking of a drug (p=0.000; OR=29.52; 95%CI=10.97-79.4) was the strongest risk factor related to unsuccessful retreatment of tuberculosis. ConclusionThe strongest risk factor was regularly taking of a drug. District health offices need to conduct a tracking system of patients who do not take medication on schedule, ensuring regular tuberculosis medication, correct medication, and sputum examination of late-stage intensive tuberculosis patients

Rhizosphere Fungi of Gunung Halimun National Park

An ecological study was conducted to assess the occurrences of rhizosphere fungi in three dominating trees (Altingia excelsa, Schima wallichii and Castanopsis javanica) within Gunung Halimun National Park.Rhizosphere trees in Gunung Halimun National Park was mainly dominated by Trichoderma (47%), followed by Penicillium (16%), Cunninghamella (10%),Mortierella (15%),Acremonium (7%), and Humicola (6%).Similar composition of rhizosphere fungi was shown by the three trees and mainly consisted of Trichoderma and Penicillium.There was negative correlation of rhizosphere to fungal composition which was shown by C.javanicus and the positive correlation was shown by A. excelsa and S. wallichii.Based on total of fungi encountered, Trichoderma was found to be the most common and dominant fungus in rhizosphere of those trees.Other fungi were also considered common were Penicillium, Mortierella, Cunninghamella, Acremonium and Humicola. Based on the number of samples, the frequency of the occurrence of Trichoderma was the highest (100%), followed by Penicillium (88%),Cunninghamella (59%), Humicola (47%), Acremonium (41%), Mortierella (35%), Verticillium (18%), Cylindrocladium (12%), Aspergillus (6%), and Gliocephalotrichum (6%)

Komunikasi Pendek*studi Awal Keberadaan Jamur Tanah Perakaran Tumbuhan Di Kawasan Stasiun Penelitian Ketambe, Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser, Aceh Tenggara Preliminary Study on the Occurrence of Plant Root Soil Fungi in Ketambe Research Station, Mount Leuse

Suatu studi awal telah dilakukan untuk mengetahui keberadaan jamur pada tanah perakaran hutan di sebuah lokasi penelitian di sekitar Stasiun Penelitian Ketambe, Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser, Aceh Tenggara. Jamur memiliki fungsi dalam dekomposisi, mineralisasi dan mutualisme tumbuhan-jamur yang mengatur dalam perpindahan elemen-elemen dalam tanah ke akar- akar tumbuhan (Christensen M. 1989. A View of Fungal Ecology. Mycologia, 81(1), 1-18).Dengan fungsi yang demikian, maka keberadaan jamur pada tanah perakaran dapat memiliki perananan yang penting dalam dinamika ekosistem suatu hutan, termasuk kawasan hutan Gunung Leuser ini

INTERAKSI ANTARA Trichoderma Harzianum, Penicillium SP. DAN Pseudomonas SP. SERTA KAPASITAS ANTAGONISMENYA TERHADAP Phytophthora CapsicilN VITRO*[Interaction Among Trichoderma Harzianum, Penicillium SP., Pseudomonas SP. and Antagonism Capacities Against Phy

A preliminary study has been done to know antagonism capacities of three isolates of Trichoderma harzianum, two isolates of Penicillium sp.and one isolate of Pseudomonas sp.against Phytophthora capsici in vitro and interaction among those six antagonists.The highest antagonism capacity possessed by Penicillium sp. KN1, respectively followed by Penicillium sp.KN2,Pseudomonas sp. GH1 and the three T. harzianum isolates. Except for those three T. harzianum isolates, the two Penicillium sp.isolates and Pseudomonas sp. GH1 isolate indicated anti fungal activity against this fungal pathogen.Based on microscopic observation, there was no mycoparasitism within three T.harzianum isolates against Ph. capsici.While interaction occurred among antagonist showed that Pseudomonas sp.GH1 was antagonistic against the other five antagonists.Growth inhibition by Penicillium sp. KN2 showed against this plant pathogen.Beside the need of further study in green house and field, this result appears the need of study to clarify and identify of the chemical subtance of anti fungal possessed by Penicillium sp. KN1 dan Penicillium sp. KN2.The result showed that the six microbes most potential for biological control agents against Ph. capsici

Variasi Genetik Monascus Purpureus yang Diisolasi dari Beras Merah Cina

Genetic Variation of Monascus purpureus Isolated from Chinese Red Rice. An attempt was carried out to detect genetic variation among six Monascus purpureus isolates by RAPD finger printing. The isolates studied were isolated from Chinese red rice (ang-kak) collected from Indonesian markets. Seven types of oligonucleotide 12-mer primers were used in this study. These primers were different from G+C ratio (42%, 50%, 68% and 75%) so as to know the best ratio for DNA amplication. Products of DNA amplication by seven primers were observed such as 158 banding patterns, comprise of 23 common fragments and 135 polimorfic fragments. The result showed that the six isolates were divided into two groups based on DNA banding patterns. The same grouping was also shown by phylogenetic analysis. This analysis indicated two cluster which were different from its genetic distance (49%) and two pairs of isolates were identical to each other. So far, this RAPD analysis proved that there was high genetic variation within the six isolat of M. purpureus. It was assumed that there was a tendency of species separation within those isolates. It is suggested that sequencing analysis on 18S rDNA should be carried out to ensure status of M.purpureus species used in ang-kak production

Keberadaan Dan Distribusl Jenis-jenis Trichoderma Di Hutan Kawasan Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun*[occurrence and Distribution of Trichoderma Species in Gunung Halimun National Park Forest]

A study was conducted m determine the occurrence and distribution of Trichoderma species in forest in Gunung Halimun National Park. Location for data ollection were Cikaniki (1.100 asl), Citalahab (1.100 asl.)and Gunung Botol (1.500 asl, 1.600 asl,and 1.700 asl).Isolation of Trichoderma were from non vegetation soils, rhizosphere soils and stumps of three dominating forest trees i.e.Allingia excelsa,Caslanopsis javanicti and Schimu wallichii.The isolation method used were soil plate (non vegetation soil,Rhizosphere soil), dilution plate (non vegetation soil.Rhizosphere soil) and surface sterilization (stump).Trichoderma viride recorded as the commonest fungus of its occurrence and the most widespread in non vegetation soil in all location studied. Other Trichoderma species encountered were T. longibrachialuin, T. virens T. koningii.T. hamaium. T. pseudokoningii and T. polysporum. While in rhizosphere soils of the three dominating trees {Allingia excelsa. Schima wallichii. and Casianopsis javanica) located in Cikaniki, T. hamatum, was the commonest fungus of its occurrence. Another common was T. koningii. Other species were rarely encountered were T. longibrachialum, T. virens, T. pseudokoningii and T. polysporum, and T. fertile. In stumps of four trees in Cikaniki four species of Trichoderma were recorded of their occurrences. They were T. harzianum (Memecylon excelsum). T. koningii (S. wallichii), T. viride (A. excelsa, S. wallichii and C. javanica) and T. virens (A. excelsa and M. excelsum). It i> concluded that in forest of Gunung Halimun National Park, habitat influenced on the occurrence and distribution of Trichoderma species, but not for altitude. Trichoderma was high in diversity, dominant in occurrence and widespread in distribution

Recovery of More Than 10 Years-drying Monascus Cultures and Its Purification Methods From Fungal and Bacterial Contamination

This study was carried out to understand the recovery capability of more than 10 years- drying Monascus cultures. A new simple purification technique from fungal contamination using ethanol-soaking treatment was also reported as a part of this study. The result showed that all drying cultures were recovered well and retained their characters such as good growth, pigmen­tation and production of fruit bodies (ascomata), sexual spores (ascospores) and asexual spores. Several cultures showed its good growth in 20% ethanol medium. This study also reported suc­cessful purification of cultures from fungal contamination using ethanol-soaking treatment. This self-drying method, therefore, could be suggested as a good long-term preservation method for Monascus cultures. Moreover, purification method from fungal contamination soaked in ethanol 70% or 95% was successfully effective

Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of Monascus Fungi Based on Internal Transcribed Spacer Region

A molecular analysis of internal transcribed spacer region has been carried out to reveal the relationship among 16 strains of Monascus spp. A primer set comprised primer ITS1 and ITS4 was used to amplify this region in which they were cloned and scqucnccd. We also compared the sequence result with M. purpureus AF458473, M.ruber AF458470, M. kaoliang AF451859, M. araneous AF458471 and M. pilosus AF451856 and one outgroup species Thermoascus crustaceus U18353. The result showed that 16 Monascus spp. were divided into two large clades while M. ruber AF458470 was basically separated from all those Monascus. One of the two large clades included the seven M. purpureus strains, M. purpureus AF458473, M. araneosus AF458471 and M. kaoliang AF451859. Another large cladc included the six Monascus sp. strains which typically have whitish colonies, the three M. ruber strains and M.pilosus AF451856. However, even outstanding morphological differences possessed by several white Monascus and one whitish M. purpureus strain, all Monascus strains were suggested to be very closely related with similarity >99% almost 100%. Although this ITS analysis could not discriminate cultural and morphological differentiation of Monascus strains studied, yet there is still little genetic variation within these strains

MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF MONASCUS FUNGI BASED ON INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER REGION

A molecular analysis of internal transcribed spacer region has been carried out to reveal the relationship among 16 strains of Monascus spp. A primer set comprised primer ITS1 and ITS4 was used to amplify this region in which they were cloned and scqucnccd. We also compared the sequence result with M. purpureus AF458473, M.ruber AF458470, M. kaoliang AF451859, M. araneous AF458471 and M. pilosus AF451856 and one outgroup species Thermoascus crustaceus U18353. The result showed that 16 Monascus spp. were divided into two large clades while M. ruber AF458470 was basically separated from all those Monascus. One of the two large clades included the seven M. purpureus strains, M. purpureus AF458473, M. araneosus AF458471 and M. kaoliang AF451859. Another large cladc included the six Monascus sp. strains which typically have whitish colonies, the three M. ruber strains and M.pilosus AF451856. However, even outstanding morphological differences possessed by several white Monascus  and one whitish M. purpureus  strain, all Monascus  strains were suggested to be very closely related with similarity >99% almost 100%. Although this ITS analysis could not discriminate cultural and morphological differentiation of Monascus strains studied, yet there is still little genetic variation within these strains. Key words : Molecular genetics/Monascus spp./fung