Clinical characteristics according to the development of hypotension.

<p>Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.</p><p>*P<0.05, ^†P<0.01. ^‡Among the total 104 subjects, radiocontrast media involved in anaphylaxis could not be identified in seven patients who had experienced anaphylaxis prior to the introduction of electronic medical recording system.</p

Comparison of the number of contrast exposures according to the presence of hypotension.

<p>*p<0.05.</p

Anaphylactic reactions and total number of RCM use in every year of the study period.

<p>Anaphylactic reactions and total number of RCM use in every year of the study period.</p

Sensitivity and false negative rate on skin test.

<p>*Five patients in whom causal contrast media could not be identified were excluded from this analysis among 51 patients with skin test results.</p><p>Iopromide, iopamidol, iomeprol, iohexol, and iobitridol are low-osmolar contrast media. Iodixanol is an iso-osmolar contrast media.</p

Additional file 1: of Favorable longitudinal change of lung function in patients with asthma-COPD overlap from a COPD cohort

Table S1. The component distribution of ACO. Table S2. Longitudinal change of annual forced expiratory volume in 1 s (mL) in ACO by use of ICS/LABA or ICS during follow up (n = 47). (DOCX 15 kb

Does repeated pleural culture increase the diagnostic yield of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> from tuberculous pleural effusion in HIV-negative individuals?

<div><p>Background</p><p>Despite recent advances in methods for culturing <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (MTB), the diagnostic yield of tuberculous pleural effusion (TBPE) remains unsatisfactory. However, unlike repeated sputum cultures of pulmonary tuberculosis, little is known about the role of repeated pleural cultures. We examined whether repeated pleural cultures are associated with increased MTB yield from TBPE.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A multicenter, retrospective cohort study was performed from January 2012 to December 2015 in South Korea. Patients were categorized into two groups: single- or repeated-culture groups. The diagnostic yield of MTB and clinical, radiological, and pleural fluid characteristics were evaluated.</p><p>Results</p><p>Among the 329 patients with TBPE, 77 (23.4%) had repeated cultures and 252 (76.5%) had a single culture. Pleural culture was performed twice in all 77 patients in the repeated-culture group at a 1-day interval (inter-quartile range, 1.0–2.0). In the repeated-culture group, the yield of MTB from the first culture was 31.2%, which was similar to that in the single-culture group (31.2% vs. 29.8%, P = 0.887). However, the yield of MTB from the second culture (10/77, 13.0%) was more than that from the first. These results may be attributable to the insufficient immune clearance for MTB invasion into the pleural space between the first and second cultures. Over time, the yield of the second cultures decreased from 17.4% to 6.7% and then 6.3%. Finally, the overall yield of MTB in the repeated- and single-culture groups was 44.2% and 29.8% respectively (P < 0.001).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The results showed that repeated pleural cultures increased MTB yield from TBPE in human immunodeficiency virus-negative individuals. Furthermore, repeated cultures may increase yield when carried out for two consecutive days.</p></div

Biochemical changes in sequential examinations of 77 cases in the repeated pleural culture group.

<p>Biochemical changes in sequential examinations of 77 cases in the repeated pleural culture group.</p

Positive culture rate of overall and second pleural culture according to time interval between first and second culture and changes in pleural fluid characteristics.

<p>Positive culture rate of overall and second pleural culture according to time interval between first and second culture and changes in pleural fluid characteristics.</p

Predictors of MTB cultivation in patients with tuberculous pleural effusion via first and second pleural culture.

<p>Predictors of MTB cultivation in patients with tuberculous pleural effusion via first and second pleural culture.</p

Comparisons of clinical, radiological, and laboratory characteristics based on MTB culture-positivity of serial pleural fluid in 77 TBPE patients.

<p>Comparisons of clinical, radiological, and laboratory characteristics based on MTB culture-positivity of serial pleural fluid in 77 TBPE patients.</p