Heterotic string field theory with cyclic L-infinity structure

We construct a complete heterotic string field theory that includes both the Neveu-Schwarz and Ramond sectors. We give a construction of general string products, which realizes a cyclic L-infinity structure and thus provides with a gauge-invariant action in the homotopy algebraic formulation. Through a map of the string fields, we also give the Wess-Zumino-Witten-like action in the large Hilbert space, and verify its gauge invariance independently.Comment: 31 pages, 1figure, section for four point amplitudes is inserted; v3 English has been improved; v4 English is improved, Eq(5.16b) is corrected (published as erratum), Eq (A.19) is adde

Catalytic etching of synthetic diamond crystallites by iron

For the expansion of the functionality of diamond crystallites by modification of surface morphology, catalytic etching of synthetic diamond crystallites at 1173 K by iron, which were loaded by the impregnation method using an aqueous solution of iron nitrate; in a streaming mixed gas (pH(2) = 0.1 MPa, pN(2) = 0.9 MPa), has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The dependence of the crystal planes {111} and {100}, of the diamond crystallites and the loading amount of iron on the diamond on the etching behavior by iron particles, the morphology of the etch pits, and potential formation of iron carbide through the catalytic etching, were discussed.ArticleAPPLIED SURFACE SCIENCEjournal articl

Catalytic etching of {100}-oriented diamond coating with Fe, Co, Ni, and Pt nanoparticles under hydrogen

Etching of a highly {100}-oriented diamond coating, {100}HODC, with hydrogen gas using Fe, Co, Ni, and Pt nanoparticles as a catalyst was examined at high temperatures over 700 degrees C by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The metal atoms vacuum-evaporated onto the {100}HODC formed nanopartides themselves when heated at high temperatures; e.g. 700 degrees C, in a flowing gas mixture of H(2) (10%) + N(2) (90%). At 800 degrees C. short nano-channels and etch pits holding metal nanoparticles were formed by Fe. Co. and Ni. The shapes of the Co and Ni nanoparticles in the etch pits were affected by the shape of the etch pits; reversed pyramidal shape. On the other hand, the top view of the Fe nanoparticles embedded in the etch pits showed a distorted round shape, probably due to the formation of something such as iron carbide, while the carbon content was unknown. Apparently, etching of the {100}HODC by Pt nanoparticles was observed after the treatment at 1000 degrees C. The difference in the catalytic etching behavior among these metal particles, the potential etching mechanism of diamonds with hydrogen by metal nanoparticles, probably as melted metal nanoparticles, and the formation mechanism of vacant etch pits were discussed.ArticleDIAMOND AND RELATED MATERIALSjournal articl

Pathophysiological features in the brains of female Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity are associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and psychiatric disorders such as major depression. In this study, we investigated pathophysiological changes in the brains of female Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats with diabetes and obesity. Brains of Sprague-Dawley (SD), SDT and SDT fatty rats were collected at 58 weeks of age. The parietal cortical thickness was measured and the number of pyramidal cells in the hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 and 3 (CA1 and CA3) and the number of granule cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) regions were counted. The area of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positivity in CA1, CA3 and DG regions were measured. The parietal cortical thickness and the number of cells in CA3 and DG regions of SDT and SDT fatty rats did not show obvious changes. On the other hand, in the CA1 region, the number of cells in SDT rats and SDT fatty rats was significantly lower than that in SD rats, and that in SDT fatty rats was significantly lower than that in SDT rats. The GFAP-positive area in SDT fatty rats was significantly reduced compared to that in SD rats only in the DG region. Preliminarily result showed that the expression of S100a9, an inflammation-related gene, was increased in the brains of SDT fatty rats. These results suggest that female SDT fatty rat may exhibit central nervous system diseases due to obesity and DM

Steam activation of boron doped diamond electrodes

Boron doped diamond (BDD) electrodes were activated in steam at various temperatures, resulting in high quality BDD electrodes with a porous microstructure. Distinct columnar structures were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemically active surface area of the steam-activated BDD was up to 20 times larger than the pristine BDD electrode owing to the porous texture. In addition, a widening of the potential window was observed after steam activation, suggesting that the quality of BDD was enhanced due to oxidative removal of graphitic impurities during the activation process.ArticleELECTROCHIMICA ACTA. 56(16):5599-5604 (2011)journal articl

Oxygen reduction characteristics of several valve metal oxide electrodes in HClO(4) solution

In the search for active cathode catalysts for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) using inexpensive materials several valve metal oxide electrodes TiO(x) ZrO(x), and TaO(x) with corresponding binary oxide electrodes were selected for the evaluation of catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) by means of cyclic voltammetry in 0 1 M HClO(4) at 60 C These oxide electrodes were prepared mainly by the dip-coating method on a titanium plate substrate at a temperature between 400 degrees C and 500 degrees C and were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) Among the oxide-coated electrodes investigated Ti(0) (7)Zr(0) (3)O(x)/Ti provided the highest ORR specific activity with an onset potential E(ORR) of 0 86V vs RHE during the cathodic potential sweep Fine TaO(x) particles prepared as an extension of the dip-coating method showed very high catalytic activity determined by means of hydrodynamic voltammetry in 0 1 M HClO(4) at 30 degrees C with an E(ORR) of 0 90 V vs RHEArticleELECTROCHIMICA ACTAjournal articl

Characterization of hydrothermal alteration along geothermal wells using unsupervised machine-learning analysis of X-ray powder diffraction data

Zonal distribution of hydrothermal alteration in and around geothermal fields is important for understanding the hydrothermal environment. In this study, we assessed the performance of three unsupervised classification algorithms—K-mean clustering, the Gaussian mixture model, and agglomerative clustering—in automated categorization of alteration minerals along wells. As quantitative data for classification, we focused on the quartz indices of alteration minerals obtained from rock cuttings, which were calculated from X-ray powder diffraction measurements. The classification algorithms were first examined by applying synthetic data and then applied to data on rock cuttings obtained from two wells in the Hachimantai geothermal field in Japan. Of the three algorithms, our results showed that the Gaussian mixture model provides classes that are reliable and relatively easy to interpret. Furthermore, an integrated interpretation of different classification results provided more detailed features buried within the quartz indices. Application to the Hachimantai geothermal field data showed that lithological boundaries underpin the data and revealed the lateral connection between wells. The method’s performance is underscored by its ability to interpret multi-component data related to quartz indices