Aid effectiveness in education sector of Pakistan

The main objective of this study is to examine the effectiveness of sector-specific foreign aid given to education sector and aggregate foreign aid on the national educational outcomes of Pakistan, respectively. --

Oral Health Status: The Level of Oral Microbial Flora in Healthy Girls

The normal oral flora comprises a diverse group of micro-organisms and then 300 species inhabit the oral cavity of which about 50 are found routinely and account for the majority of the cultivable strains, these factors, together with the fact that the indigenous microbiota plays an important role in health and disease of a human and animals.It contribute to the development of the immune system and provide resistance to colonization by allochthonous or pathogenic micro-organisms. The aim of our study is to determine the most frequent micro-organisms as normal flora in healthy individuals. A total of 30 healthy students, all belongs to Jinnah University for Women of same age group were studied. Throat swabs were plated with human-blood agar, chocolate agar and apply bacitracin disk on both plates, SDA agar were incubating for 24 hours for isolation of Candida species. Organisms were cultured on Blood agar, SDA agar, Mannitol salt agar to observe the colonies. Different spot test like catalase and coagulase test were performed for identification of Staphylococcus species. Identification was also done by microscopic examination by gram stain. Catalase-positive, gram-positive rods were found to be as most frequent micro-organisms as normal flora of healthy students and were only micro-organisms detected 46.6% and total Staphylococcus species were (30%); Staphylococcus aureus ( 13%) and other Staphylococcus species (17 %) where as Streptococcus species (catalase -negative gram positive cocci) isolated from oral specimen of healthy individuals

Mie-scattering controlled all-dielectric resonator-antenna for bright and directional point dipole emission

Designing a deterministic, bright, robust, room temperature stable, on-demand solid-state single photon source has been a major demand in the field of quantum-photonics. For this, various single-photon resonator and antenna schemes are being actively explored. Here, using the Cartesian multi-polar decomposition of the excited Mie-scattering moments, we present the design of a all-dielectric coupled-dipolar antenna comprising of two dielectric (Tin-oxide, TiO$_2$) cylinders sandwiching a nanodiamond based nitrogen-vacancy (NV$^-$) center trapped in a poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix. The Mie-scattering resonant cavity formed in the middle PVA layer provides more than an order of magnitude decay rate or Purcell enhancement. The balancing of the electric and magnetic dipolar moments (a phenomenon commonly known as the Kerker condition) of the coupled TiO$_2$ cylinders under NV$^-$ dipole excitation, provides significant directionality to the radiation pattern. Using a collection lens with a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.9 the vertical collection efficiency (VCE) was observed to be around 80\% at the NV$^-$ center's zero-phonon line wavelength

Life, Art, and Politics: Pakistan and Social Misrepresentations

This paper critically analyses how Mohsin Hamid in ‘Discontent and Its Civilizations’ delineates the rupture lines prompted by a decade and a half of tectonic change, from the ‘war on terror’ to the struggles of individuals to maintain humanity in the inflexible physiognomy of repressive ideology, or the apathetic face of globalization. Whether he is discussing ritual love affairs or pop culture, drones or the pattern of day-to-day life in an extended family, he carries us beyond the doomsayer headlines of a perturbed West and a turbulent East and helps to bring a dazzling manifold world within spiritual and intellectual reach. The classifications under which the essays are congregated: Life, Art, and Politics may be considered universal, as the themes of these segments are wide-ranging. Hamid’s nonfiction pieces of writings are deep-rooted in the shifting nature of his homeland. He talks about the way in which Pakistan “plays a recurring role as villain in the horror sub-industry within the news business” (Hamid, 2014). He believes that in Pakistan, Islam has been as a binding force for developing unity for strengthening nationhood. Although Pakistan; “a test bed for pluralism on a globalising planet” (Hamid, 2014), is still struggling for “more pluralism” (Hamid, 2014). American drone attacks have had a deeply detrimental effect by refusing the sovereignty of Pakistan and Pakistani society, and by demanding ‘do more’ to accost the problem of extremists who tyrannize Pakistanis/Muslims or non-Pakistanis/ non-Muslims in the same way. Such social misrepresentations, for some selfish self-interests, neither only shatter the image of a nation in the world, but also play a vital role in transformation of the nation alike with the help of such vague reflections. Pakistan and Islam both need to be reviewed without any “makeup and plastic fangs” (Hamid, 2014) or else future generations will look back at our era and think of us with the same perplexity that we think of those who lived in societies that legalized slavery

Maternal health expenditures and health seeking behavior among lowest wealth quintile of the rural population in an under developed district of the Punjab, Pakistan

Background: Expenditures on maternal health is important factor to determine the health seeking behavior in pregnant women among the lowest economical section of Pakistan. This study was carried out determine the maternal health expenditures and health seeking behavior among lowest wealth quintile of rural Rahim Yar Khan.Methods: Sample Size: For this cross- sectional study, a total of 230 subjects were involved in the study from rural areas of Rahim Yar Khan including Basti Bahishti, Bah-o-Bahar and Chak 83/P. This study was comprised of duration of 06 months from 02/03/2016 to 04/09/2016. The head of Family (Husband) with monthly income less than 15000 Pakistani rupees (PKR) were included and marriage with in last 5 years with at alive delivery. While subjects having income more than 15000 PKR and not willing to participate in study were excluded from the study.Results: People with mean monthly income of PKR. 1176±4109 spent mean amount of PKR. 146442 ± 7747 on their marriages. While the mean expenses on treatment of complication in the last pregnancy were PKR. 35808±6771 and the amount saved for the treatment of complication was PKR. 2750±1157 only. Mean antenatal expenses were PKR. 1807±3335, Mean expenses on delivery were PKR. 7351±855 as compared to the money saved for delivery was PKR. 6115±1460. Mean expenses on complications during delivery were PKR. 1692±523. Mean expenses on postnatal care were PKR.8596±3597 while the mean amount used for treatment of postnatal complications were of PKR. 2451±560. Mean expenses on birth celebrations were of PKR. 7697±832.Conclusions: Present study reveals that there is a high financial cost of maternal health expenditures paid by the lowest wealth quintile in rural areas of Rahim Yar Khan when compared with the income of this quintile. Access of the people to the health sector is still limited due to low income of people, low health education and unavailability of health services in rural areas and even in 2017

A Young Man in a Rural Breast Clinic

This article reports a case from Rwanda of muscular cysticercosis presenting as a painful “breast” lump in a young male patient. Sonographic evaluation revealed a hypoechoic mass deep to the breast tissue likely within the pectoralis muscle, rather than the breast. Subsequent excisional biopsy resulted in the diagnosis of cysticercosis

Antibacterial evaluation of three widespread weeds Mazus japonicus, Fumaria indica and Vicia faba from Pakistan

Present study was carried out to explore the antibacterial potential of three weeds Mazus japonicus, Fumaria indica and Vicia sativa grown widely in Pakistan. Different extracts (aqueous, methanolic and petroleum ether) of the respective weeds were prepared and tested against nine bacterial strains using agar well diffusion assay. Bacterial strains included both gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus megaterium, Enterococcus faecium, Enterrococcus faecalis and Enteroccocus sp) and gram negative (Pseudomonas putida, Escherichia coli and Escherichia coli top10) bacteria. Ten different concentrations of each extracts were used. Enterococcus faecalis JH22 and Bacillus megaterium MB141 were the most resistant bacteria while Escherichia coli top10 was found highly susceptible and inhibited by all three extracts of Mazus japonicas and Fumaria indica. Vicia sativa was effective only against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas putida at limited crude extract concentration while all other strains showed resistance against different extracts of the respective plant. Amongst the plant extracts screened for antibacterial activity, methanolic extracts showed best antibacterial activity whereas aqueous and petroleum ether were found least active. This study significantly supports the usage of these widespread weeds as traditional medicines for various bacterial infections.Â

Role of Ultrasound for the Diagnosis of Uterine Prolapse in Women: A Systemic Review

Background: Uterine prolapse is the herniation of the uterus into or beyond the vagina as a result of failure of the ligamentous and fascia supports. It often coexists with prolapse of the vaginal walls, involving the bladder or rectum. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of ultrasound for the diagnosis of uterine prolapse in young women. Methodology: In this systematic review data extracted by Medline, PubMed, science direct and Obs-gyne online library that were queried for studies published between 2000 to 2021 by using specific MeSH terms. In this systematic article we reviewed 10 retrospective style analytical studies for the collection of data. Results: 10 studies conducted between the years 2000 to 2021 were included in this systematic review. The total sample size was 2500 women aged between 10-60 years. All subjects were examined by trans-perineal three-dimensional ultrasound for the detection of uterine prolapse. Out of 2500 patient almost 1000 determine with uterine prolapse on ultrasound. Ultrasound findings had excellent predictive value for the diagnosis of clinical uterine prolapse. An eye‐ shaped vaginal canal with an antero-posterior diameter of greater than 10 mm in the rendered axial plane was a sign of uterine prolapse. This sign may be helpful for detecting concealed uterine prolapse in complex pelvic organ prolapse. In fact, uterine prolapse can often be more prominent on imaging than on clinical examination. This may be due to the fact that the functional anatomy of the levator hiatus seems to matter most for uterine descent. Conclusion: From this systematic reviewed study we concluded that Ultrasound is the most appropriate form of imaging in uro-gynecology for reasons of low cost, access and performance, and due to the fact that it provides information in real time. Trans-perineal three-dimensional 2 ultrasound can evaluate the morphological changes of levator hiatus in patients with uterine prolapse, and the area of levator hiatus has high diagnostic value for uterine prolapse. Keywords: Pelvic organ prolapse; Trans-perineal Ultrasound; Uterine Prolapse; levator ani muscles. DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/92-05 Publication date:August 31st 2021

The Evolving Role of Saline Infusion Sonography (SIS) in Infertality- Systemic Review

Background: To perform a systematic review to examine all the available literature reporting to describe the Structural intrauterine abnormalities are an important cause of infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss and bleeding or pain associated with a poor reproductive outcome. Various diagnostic methods have been applied to detect these lesions such as hysterosalpingography, hysteroscopy and Sonohysterography.Materials and methods: In this systematic review data extracted by Medline, PubMed, science direct and Obs gyne online library that were queried for studies published between 2000 to 2020 by using specific MeSH terms. In this reviewed article we extracted data from 15 retrospective Cohort studies in which 3800 infertile women underwent SIS procedure. Infertile women were screened for possible uterine pathologies.Results: In this systematic review we reviewed 15 article that was published between 2000 to2020.  Extracted data from these reviewed articles showed Two thousand infertile patients examined by saline infusion Sonography. From these 2000 patients 1400 women diagnose with abnormalities.Conclusion:Saline infusion sono-hysterography was found to be a more reliable method of diagnosing tubal or uterine pathologies in infertile patients.it is cost effective and gold standard. Keywords: Intrauterine, Pathology, Sonohysterography, Saline infusion sonography DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/90-03 Publication date:June 30th 202