Analysis of the Effect of Government Expenditures on School Enrollment in Pakistan

Purpose: No one can deny the importance of education as it not only improves living standard but also promotes self-esteem as well as improves social development. The role of the government cannot be overlooked in the development of education. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to analyses the role of government through national income and government expenditure on education through school enrolment in Pakistan. Design/Methodology/Approach: We have used secondary data over the period of 2000 to 2017 for empirical analysis.  We used descriptive statistics analysis, and the method of least squares is used to obtain empirical results.  Findings: The result shows that national income and government expenditures have positive effects on school enrollment, indicating when national and government expenditures increase, ultimately school enrolment also increases in the country. Implications/Originality/Value: Our results of this study suggest that national income needs to be increases and government spending also needs to be increases in order to improve education in the country

Study the heat exchanger through ANSYS Fluent

A heat exchanger is a tool used to move heat from one fluid to another without letting the fluids mix. The fluids can be liquids or gases, flowing in separate channels or passages separated by a solid wall. In order to get the cold fluid to the desired temperature, the heat exchanger converts thermal energy from the hot fluid to the cold fluid. They are commonly used in a number of businesses and industries to recover waste heat, cool or heat process fluids, and maintain or adjust temperatures. ANSYS Fluent software was used to model and simulate the heat exchanger in this investigation. The simulation results of the heat exchanger of velocity at the inlet and temperature at the outlet are 3.43 m/s and 3.4×10^2 K, respectively. The study aimed to understand better the heat exchanger's fluid flow and heat transfer properties to design it for better performance. A wide range of working situations was simulated, including various inlet velocities, outlet pressures, and temperatures. Experimental data were used to validate the simulation model, and the findings revealed good agreement between the two. For better findings, copper material was employed in the simulation in this study rather than aluminium in the work of other researchers. Copper is a better heat conductor than aluminium because it has a higher thermal conductivity. Because of this, it is a strong option for applications where heat transfer must happen swiftly and effectively. Copper is a superior material for applications that will be exposed to aggressive environments since it is more corrosion-resistant than aluminium. The simulation results were examined to determine how different factors affected the heat exchanger's output, including its heat transmission and fluid flow capabilities. The simulation was then used to improve the heat exchanger's design for improved performance

Sensitivity of Summertime Convection to Aerosol Loading and Properties in the United Arab Emirates

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to investigate convection–aerosol interactions in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) for a summertime convective event. Both an idealized and climatological aerosol distributions are considered. The convection on 14 August 2013 was triggered by the low-level convergence of the cyclonic circulation associated with the Arabian Heat Low (AHL) and the daytime sea-breeze circulation. Numerical experiments reveal a high sensitivity to aerosol properties. In particular, replacing 20% of the rural aerosols by carbonaceous particles has a comparable impact on the surface radiative fluxes to increasing the aerosol loading by a factor of 10. In both cases, the UAE-averaged net shortwave flux is reduced by ~90 W m−2 while the net longwave flux increases by ~51 W m−2. However, when the aerosol composition is changed, WRF generates 20% more precipitation than when the aerosol loading is increased, due to a broader and weaker AHL. The surface downward and upward shortwave and upward longwave radiation fluxes are found to scale linearly with the aerosol loading. An increase in the amount of aerosols also leads to drier conditions and a delay in the onset of convection due to changes in the AHL

Sensitivity of Summertime Convection to Aerosol Loading and Properties in the United Arab Emirates

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to investigate convection–aerosol interactions in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) for a summertime convective event. Both an idealized and climatological aerosol distributions are considered. The convection on 14 August 2013 was triggered by the low-level convergence of the cyclonic circulation associated with the Arabian Heat Low (AHL) and the daytime sea-breeze circulation. Numerical experiments reveal a high sensitivity to aerosol properties. In particular, replacing 20% of the rural aerosols by carbonaceous particles has a comparable impact on the surface radiative fluxes to increasing the aerosol loading by a factor of 10. In both cases, the UAE-averaged net shortwave flux is reduced by ~90 W m−2 while the net longwave flux increases by ~51 W m−2. However, when the aerosol composition is changed, WRF generates 20% more precipitation than when the aerosol loading is increased, due to a broader and weaker AHL. The surface downward and upward shortwave and upward longwave radiation fluxes are found to scale linearly with the aerosol loading. An increase in the amount of aerosols also leads to drier conditions and a delay in the onset of convection due to changes in the AHL