Generation of stable microtubule superstructures by binding of peptide-fused tetrameric proteins to inside and outside

Microtubules play important roles in biological functions by forming superstructures, such as doublets and branched structures, in vivo. Despite the importance, it is challenging to construct these superstructures in vitro. Here, we designed a tetrameric fluorescent protein Azami-Green (AG) fused with His-tag and Tau-derived peptide (TP), TP-AG, to generate the superstructures. Main binding sites of TP-AG can be controlled to the inside and outside of microtubules by changing the polymerization conditions. The binding of TP-AG to the inside promoted microtubule formation and generated rigid and stable microtubules. The binding of TP-AG to the outside induced various microtubule superstructures, including doublets, multiplets, branched structures, and extremely long microtubules by recruiting tubulins to microtubules. Motile microtubule aster structures were also constructed by TP-AG. The generation of various microtubule superstructures by a single type of exogenous protein is a new concept for understanding the functions of microtubules and constructing microtubule-based nanomaterials