Optimally Computing Compressed Indexing Arrays Based on the Compact Directed Acyclic Word Graph

In this paper, we present the first study of the computational complexity of converting an automata-based text index structure, called the Compact Directed Acyclic Word Graph (CDAWG), of size $e$ for a text $T$ of length $n$ into other text indexing structures for the same text, suitable for highly repetitive texts: the run-length BWT of size $r$, the irreducible PLCP array of size $r$, and the quasi-irreducible LPF array of size $e$, as well as the lex-parse of size $O(r)$ and the LZ77-parse of size $z$, where $r, z \le e$. As main results, we showed that the above structures can be optimally computed from either the CDAWG for $T$ stored in read-only memory or its self-index version of size $e$ without a text in $O(e)$ worst-case time and words of working space. To obtain the above results, we devised techniques for enumerating a particular subset of suffixes in the lexicographic and text orders using the forward and backward search on the CDAWG by extending the results by Belazzougui et al. in 2015.Comment: The short version of this paper will appear in SPIRE 2023, Pisa, Italy, September 26-28, 2023, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springe

Comparative Feedstock Analysis in \u3cem\u3eSetaria viridis\u3c/em\u3e L. as a Model for C\u3csub\u3e4\u3c/sub\u3e Bioenergy Grasses and Panicoid Crop Species

Second generation feedstocks for bioethanol will likely include a sizable proportion of perennial C4 grasses, principally in the Panicoideae clade. The Panicoideae contain agronomically important annual grasses including Zea mays L. (maize), Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (sorghum), and Saccharum officinarum L. (sugar cane) as well as promising second generation perennial feedstocks including Miscanthus × giganteus and Panicum virgatum L. (switchgrass). The underlying complexity of these polyploid grass genomes is a major limitation for their direct manipulation and thus driving a need for rapidly cycling comparative model. Setaria viridis (green millet) is a rapid cycling C4 panicoid grass with a relatively small and sequenced diploid genome and abundant seed production. Stable, transient, and protoplast transformation technologies have also been developed for Setaria viridis making it a potentially excellent model for other C4 bioenergy grasses. Here, the lignocellulosic feedstock composition, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor response and saccharification dynamics of Setaria viridis are compared with the annual sorghum and maize and the perennial switchgrass bioenergy crops as a baseline study into the applicability for translational research. A genome-wide systematic investigation of the cellulose synthase-A genes was performed identifying eight candidate sequences. Two developmental stages; (a) metabolically active young tissue and (b) metabolically plateaued (mature) material are examined to compare biomass performance metrics

Comparative feedstock analysis in Setaria viridis L. as a model for C4 bioenergy grasses and Panicoid crop species

Second generation feedstocks for bioethanol will likely include a sizable proportion of perennial C4 grasses, principally in the Panicoideae clade. The Panicoideae contain agronomically important annual grasses including Zea mays L. (maize), Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (sorghum), and Saccharum officinarum L. (sugar cane) as well as promising second generation perennial feedstocks including Miscanthus x giganteus and Panicum virgatum L. (switchgrass). The underlying complexity of these polyploid grass genomes is a major limitation for their direct manipulation and thus driving a need for rapidly cycling comparative model. Setaria viridis (green millet) is a rapid cycling C4 Panicoid grass with a relatively small and sequenced diploid genome and abundant seed production. Stable, transient and protoplast transformation technologies have also been developed for S. viridis making it a potentially excellent model for other C4 bioenergy grasses. Here, the lignocellulosic feedstock composition, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor (CBI) response and saccharification dynamics of S. viridis are compared with the annual s00orghum and maize and the perennial switchgrass bioenergy crops as a baseline study into the applicability for translational research. A genome-wide systematic investigation of the cellulose synthase-A (CesA) genes was performed identifying eight candidate sequences. Two-developmental stages; a) metabolically active young tissue and b) metabolically plateaued (mature) material are examined to compare biomass performance metrics

Development of Pentration Test Aparatus for Mountain Slope (IV) : A Measurement of Mechanical Impedance of Soil by Analyzing Stress Waves

１. 緒論 ２. 機械インピ-ダンスと反射係数 ２.１ 弾性体の機械インピーダンス ２.２ 不連続面での機械インピーダンスの差による縦波の反射 ３. 実験 ３.１ 反射係数$alpha$を応力波形から求める方法 ３.２ 土の反射係数$alpha$を測定するためのロッドおよびハンマーの材質の選定 ３.３ 実験方法 ４. 実験結果および考察 ４.１ ゴム板を用いた考察 ４.２ ゴム板ぼ機械インピーダンスの誤差 ４.３ 締固めマサ土を用いた場合 ５. 結論 文献従来の山地用貫入試験機によって得られる地盤の情報は,n値のみであった.これに対 し,本論文では, ロッド内を伝ぱする縦波を観測し, ロッドと土との境界面での反射係数αを求め, ある場所の任意の深さの土の機械インピーダンスZ_m=ρ･cを精度よく測定する方法を検討した. 土の機械インピーダンスを精度よく測定するためには,できるだけ土のZ_mに近い材質のロッドおよびハンマーを用いる必要がある. このため,鉄(従来の貫入試験機で用いられているロッドおよびハンマーの材料, ρ･c=4.02×10^7 N･s/m),アルミニウム合金 (5052, ρ･c=1.37×10^7 N･s/m),マグネシウム合金(AZ 31, ρ･C=9.03×10^6 N･s/m),アクリル樹脂(PMMA, ρ･c=1.93×10^6 N･s/m)の4種類のロッドおよびハンマーを用 いて実験的に検討した.この結果,鉄の機械インピーダンスは,土のZ_m=ρ･cよりも2桁大きく,また, アクリル樹脂は,内部損失が大きいため,土のZ_mを糖度よく求めることが不可能と判明した.したがって,土のZ_mよりも1桁大きなZ_mもつマグネシウム合金(AZ 31)が内部損失も小さく,土のZ_mを精度よく求めるには, アルミニウム合金(5052)よりも有利であると判断した.マグネシウム合金ロッドおよびハンマーを用いることにより,土のZ_m=ρ･cを精度よく測定できることを示し,山地の不攪乱土の物理量ρ･cの測定が可能となった.In this report we developed the method for obtaining mechanical impedance of soil with high accuracy from the reflection coefficient α at the boundary between the lower end of rod and soil under the test. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Using the simplified penetrating apparatus and strain detecting system, measurements were carried out on the stress waves propagating and reflecting along the rod. 2) The mechanical impedance of soil is obtained from the reflection coefficient α. 3) For the purpose of selecting the best material for rod and hammer, measurements on mechanical impedance of Gum were carried out, which has a similar mechanical impedance with soil, with 4 kinds of rods; iron, aluminum alloy 5052, magnesium alloy AZ31, and PMMA (Plastics). With those material, the mechanical impedance of Gum is measured and the error was 51％ for iron rod, 12.9％ for PMMA rod and O.12％ for magnesium and aluminum alloy rods respectively. In case of using iron and PMMA rod, it is impossible to measure the impedance of soil with high accuracy since the mechanical impedance of iron is so high compared with the soil impedance and for PMMA rod due to it too much internal loss. 4) An alloy of magnesium(AZ31) is the best material for rod and hammer of the simplified penetrating test apparatus, since its internal loss is small and its mechanical impedance was larger than that of soil by one order

Development of Penetration Test Apparatus for Mountain Slope : An Analysis of Characteristics in Slender and Cylindrical Steel Rod due to Propagating Stress Waves

§１． 緒論 §２． ひずみゲージを使用した貫入ロッドの応力披測定 ２.１ 測定装置 ２.２ 測定器の特性 §３． 簡易貫入試験機Ⅰ号機の試作と応力波測定 ３.１ Ⅰ号機の構造 ３.２ 応力波測定結果と考察 §４． 簡易貫入試験械Ⅱ号機の開発と応力波測定 ４.１ Ⅱ号機の構造 ４.２ 応力波測定結果と考察 §５． 結論 文献A simplified penetrating apparatus was developed for exploring soil profiles in slope. Examination of penetration of steel rod was carried out by measur・ ing the amplitude and time・ interval of stress waves propagating through a cylindrical rod. The results are summarized as follows: I) Using apparatus consisting of strain gauges and high speed amplifier (D.C.250 kHz) , a successful measurement was made of stress waves through the rod caused by the impact of a drop hammer. 2) From measurement of stress waves propagating through the rod of the simplified penetrating apparatus No. I (diameter of rod: 10 mm, Figure-4, Table-3), using the framed apparatus, the magnitude of initial stress was observed. The coefficient of variation for measured values was 0.080 (Table-5). The amplitude of stress tended to fluctuate. A major cause of this fluctuation was that the rod was slender and its traverse vibrations were generated by the impact of the hammer. 3) The simplified penetrating apparatus No. II (diameter of. rod: 14 mm, Figure- 7, Tab1e-4) was contrived by eliminating the imperfections of penetrating apparatus No. I. This apparatus has an equipment for preventing the rod from undergoing traverse vibrations. The coefficient of variation was 0.012 (Table-5). The error due to teaverse vibrations was thus excluded. 4) The behavior of stress waves through the rod can be explained theoretically by the graphodynamical method. 5) The n-value has been only one information obtained from ground using a simplified penetrating apparatus. But, using the apparatus for observing stress waves, another information can be obtained by investigating the reflection coefficient in detail between the lower end of rod and soil

Method for Measuring the Speed Distribution of Blown Sand Using Laser Beam

§１ 緒言 §２ 装置の構成とその原理 §３ パルス巾分布分析器 §４ 装置の検定に関する考察 §５ 装置の検定結果 §６ 風洞実験とその結果 §７ 結論A new method for measuring the speed distribution of blown sand grains using He-Ne laser beam has been developed. This method enables us to measure the rate of sand movement as well as the number of blown sand at the some region in the wind tunnel and field. The apparatus is composed of a He-Ne laser (l mW)., a photodetection system with a slit (width: 0.3-3.0 mm), a five channel pulse width analyzer and a multi-purpose counter. When a sand grain passes across the laser beam, a shadow is thrown upon the light sensitive area of photodetector. The change in photocurrent after amplification and pulse shaping, is fed to the pulse width analyzer. The pulse width has information on both the speed and size of blown sand. Using nearly uniform size of sand grains, the speed distribution of blown sand can be measured. This method has many merits for studying the physical phenomena of blown sand in the field. First, the laser beam does not disturb the stream line of wind, but this condition is not satisfied in the case of using the sand trap. Second, in case of use of sand trap, the base of this must be buried in the sand surface and this handling affect the physical properties of sand surface. Third, this method is strong differential method in time and space, whereas the sand trap is .strong in integral method and easy handling

Test of light-lepton universality in τ\tau decays with the Belle II experiment

International audienceWe present a measurement of the ratio $R_\mu = \mathcal{B}(\tau^-\to \mu^-\bar\nu_\mu\nu_\tau) / \mathcal{B}(\tau^-\to e^-\bar\nu_e\nu_\tau)$ of branching fractions $\mathcal{B}$ of the $\tau$ lepton decaying to muons or electrons using data collected with the Belle II detector at the SuperKEKB $e^+e^-$ collider. The sample has an integrated luminosity of 362 fb$^{-1}$ at a centre-of-mass energy of 10.58 GeV. Using an optimised event selection, a binned maximum likelihood fit is performed using the momentum spectra of the electron and muon candidates. The result, $R_\mu = 0.9675 \pm 0.0007 \pm 0.0036$, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic, is the most precise to date. It provides a stringent test of the light-lepton universality, translating to a ratio of the couplings of the muon and electron to the $W$ boson in $\tau$ decays of $0.9974 \pm 0.0019$, in agreement with the standard model expectation of unity