Afídeos alados coletados em armadilhas amarelas no Estado do Espírito Santo (Homoptera: Aphidoidea)

In this paper 16 aphid species (homoptera: Aphidoidea) that seem to represent new records to the state of Espírito Santo in Brazil were listed. They are: Aphis craccivora (Koch), Aphis fabae solanella Theobald, Aphis gossypii (Glover). Aphis nerii (Boyer de Fonscolombe), Aphis spiraecola Patch), Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), Capitophorus hippophaes (Walker), Geopemphigus  floccosus (Moreira), Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach), Myzus (Nectarosiphon) persicae (Sulzer), Picturaphis brasiliensis (Moreira), Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), Rhopalosíphum rufiabdominalis (Sasaki), Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe), Toxoptera citricidus (Kirkaldi) and Uroleucon sonchi (Geoffroy). All the aphid specimens were identified by the first author at the British Museum (National History) in London under Dr. V.F. Eastop's supervision. Slides of all aphid species have been kept in the collection of the Department of Entomology and Parasitology at Km 47, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and at the British Museum (Natural History) in London.São relacionadas, pela primeira vez para o Estado do Espírito Santo, 16 espécies de afídeos (Homoptera: Aphidoidea) pertencentes a 10 diferentes gêneros. Os afideos foram coletados em bandeja amarela com água, na Estação Experimental de Linhares, do Instituto de Pesquisas Agropecuárias do Centro-Sul, da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, no Estado do Espírito Santo, no período de julho de 1973 a junho de 1974

Rice mite injuring crops at the states of Rio de Janeiro and Espirito Santo, Brazil

Foi constatada a ocorrência do ácaro Schizotetranychus oryzae Rossi de Simons 1966 (Acari-Tetranychidae), atacando a folhagem de diversas cultivares de arroz nos Estados do Rio de Janeiro e Espírito Santo. Para facilitar a identificação do material, sem recorrer-se à escassa literatura internacional sobre o assunto, são fornecidas diversas informações de ordem morfológica. Observações realizadas em casa de vegetação revelaram que o maior progresso na infestação do ácaro se verificou nos períodos de abril/maio e agosto/setembro e que as plantas apresentavam sintomas mais fortes dos 70 aos 90 dias de idade.In the present paper the occurrence of the rice mite Schizotetranychus oryzae Rossi de Simons 1966 (Acari-Tetranychidae) injuring rice crop at the States of Rio de Janeiro and Espirito Santo in Brazil is noticed. Record of the major occurrence period was made. Informations about morphological characters were given to allow the identification of this mite with relative facility. Symptoms of infested plants are described.

Not available

Estudos realizados a partir de material de cana-de-açúcar com sintomas de raquitismo das soqueiras ("Ratoon Stunting Disease") revelaram a presença de bactérias identificadoras como Erwinia herbicola e Pseudomonas rubrisubalbicans. E. herbicola foi constatada em todas as cultivares trabalhadas: IAC 52/326, Q 28, CP 44-101, CB 41-76, CB 49-260 e IAC 48/65, ao passo que P. rubrisubalbicans só foi detectada nas cultivares IAC 52/326, Q 28 e CP 44-101. A patogenicidade dessas bactérias foi aferida, inoculando-se plantas de cana-de-açúcar, cultivar CP 44-101, que mostraram sintomas internos de descoloração vascular associados ao raquitismo das soqueiras. Avaliações das populações de E. herbicola presentes no caldo extraído da região nodal de colmos de cana-de-açúcar com sintomas da doença revelaram níveis da ordem de 1,2 a 2,8.108 e 0,7 a 3,8.106 células viáveis por mililitro para as cultivares IAC 48/65 e IAC 52/326, respectivamente. Os resultados do estudo sugeriram que E. herbicola deve estar envolvida na etiologia do raquitismo das soqueiras e que P. rubrisubalbicans merece ser melhor investigada sob esse ângulo. E. herbicola revelou estar constantemente associada com material doente, reproduziu parte dos sintomas quando inoculada em cana-de-açúcar e atingiu populações relativamente altas em tecidos do colmo. Isolamentos efetuados após o tratamento térmico de toletes originados de colmos de cana-de-açúcar com sintomas de RSD, a 50,5°C por duas horas, indicaram que esse tratamento foi capaz de proporcionar inativação total de P. rubrisubalbicans, porem, inativação apenas parcial no que tange a E. herbicola. Tratamento térmico em água quente de E. herbicola e P. rubrisubalbicans, "in vitro", revelou que P. rubrisubalbicans é completamente inativada quando submetida à temperatura de 50°C por 20 minutos, enquanto que, para E. herbicola e para igual período de imersão, temperaturas de até 52°C não foram suficientes para inativação total. Para essa última espécie, inativação total somente foi obtida à temperatura de 54°C. Para aquilatar a validade do teste de capim Elefante (MATSUOKA, 1972a) na diagnose do RSD, foram conduzidos vários ensaios, inoculando-se plantas da cultivar Merker dessa gramínea com diversas espécies de bactérias, fungos e leveduras. O capim Elefante reagiu positivamente, através do aparecimento de descoloração vascular, quando inoculado com Erwinia herbicola, E. carotovora, Pseudomonas rubrisubalbicans, P. rubrilineans, P. mori, Xanthomonas albilinenas, Fusarium moniliforme, Candida cruzei, Hansenula anomala e Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Os sintomas internos observados pareceram idênticos àqueles induzidos na planta-teste quando inoculada com caldo bruto extraído de colmos de cana-de-açúcar com raquitismo das soqueiras. Foi observado também que a intensidade da reação do capim Elefante depende do microorganismo inoculado e do número de propágulos presentes no inóculo. A concentração mais baixa capaz de induzir resposta positiva foi de, aproximadamente, 101 propágulos por mililitro de suspensão, conseguida com F. moniliforme. Esses dados somaram evidências de que o capim Elefante reage inespecificamente, por descoloração dos vasos da região dos nós, não sendo, portanto recomendado como indicadora para diagnóstico do raquitismo das soqueiras.Isolations performed from sugar cane stalks showing symptoms of ratoon stunting disease (RSD) yielded bacteria identified as Erwinia herbicola and Pseudomonas rubrisubalbicans. E. herbicola was found in all cultivars tested: IAC 52/326, Q 28, CP 44-101, CB 41-76, CB 49-260, and IAC 48/65, whereas P. rubrisubalbicans was detected in the cultivars IAC 52/326, Q 28 and CP 44-101. Pathogenicity of these bacteria was checked by inoculating plants of cultivar CP 44-101 known to react with early symptoms of internal vascular discoloration supposedly due to infection with the causal agent of RSD. Evaluations of E. herbicola populations present in the juice extracted from the nodal region of sugar cane stalks showing disease symptoms revealed levels in the range of 1.2 to 2.8 x 108 and 0.7 to 3.8 x 106 viable cells per milliliter for the cultivars IAC 48/65 and IAC 52/326, respectively. Results indicated that E. herbicola must be involved in the etiology of RSD and that P. rubrisubalbicans should be investigated further. E. herbicola was found to be constantly associated with diseased tissues, was able to reproduce part of the symptoms when inoculated in sugar cane, and reached relatively high populations in sugar cane stalks. Isolations performed after heat treatment (50.5°C for 2 hours) of sugar cane cuttings from plants with RSD symptoms indicated that this treatment is capable of providing complete inactivation of P. rubrisubalbicans, but only partial inactivation of E. herbicola. Hot water treatment of E. herbicola and P. rubrisubalbicans, "in vitro", revealed that P. rubrisubalbicans is completely inactivated when submitted to temperatures of 50°C for 20 minutes, whereas for E. herbicola, over the same immersion time, temperatures of 54°C were required for total inactivation. Several studies were carried out to investigate the adequacy of using Elephant grass (MATSUOKA, 1972a) as a test plant for RSD diagnosis. Inoculations of the cultivar Merker of this gramineous species were secured with several bacteria, fungi and yeast species. Elephant grass reacted positively and showed vascular discoloration when inoculated with Erwinia herbicola, E. carotovora, Pseudomonas rubrisubalbicans, P. rubrilineans, P. mori, Xanthomonas albilinenas, Fusarium moniliforme, Candida cruzei, Hansenula anomala and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The internal symptoms observed seemed identical to those induced in the test plant inoculated with raw juice extracted from sugar cane stalks with RSD. It was also observed that the degree of reaction depended on the microorganism inoculated and or the number of propagules present in the inoculum. The lowest concentration capable of inducing a positive response was approximately 101 propagules per milliliter of suspension, which was achieved with F. moniliforme. These data further support that Elephant grass reacts unspecifically through vascular discoloration of nodal regions. Therefore it should not be recommended for RSD diagnostic

Novel form of miR-29b suppresses bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

MicroRNA 29b (miR-29b) replacement therapy is effective for suppressing fibrosis in a mouse model. However, to develop clinical applications for miRNA mimics, the side effects of nucleic acid drugs have to be addressed. In this study, we focused on miRNA mimics in order to develop therapies for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. We developed a single-stranded RNA, termed "miR-29b Psh-match," that has a unique structure to avoid problems associated with the therapeutic uses of miRNAs. A comparison of miR-29b Psh-match and double-stranded one, termed "miR-29b mimic" indicated that the single-stranded form was significantly effective towards fibrosis according to both in vivo and in vitro experiments. This novel form of miR-29b may become the foundation for developing an effective therapeutic drug for pulmonary fibrosis

miR-29b protects fibrotic responses in NIH/3T3 cells induced with TGF-β without activating TLRs.

<p>(A) <i>Col1a1</i> mRNA expression in NIH/3T3 cells was reduced after transfection with miR-29b Psh-match compared with cells treated only with TGF-β. The degree of reduction in <i>COL1A1</i> expression induced by miR-29b Psh-match transfection was greater than that induced by either miR-29b scrambled control or miR-29b mimic (Fig 2A) (*P<0.05). (B) miR-29b Psh-match does not induce TLR signaling activity. TLR signaling activity was measured using an NF-κB reporter in which luciferase cDNA was placed under the control of the κB response element. The dsRNA and ssRNA induce the activation of NF-κB through TLR3 and TLR7, respectively.</p

Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mouse lungs.

<p>(A) Images of lungs from mice that were either subject to nasal administration of methylene blue (right) or not (left). (B) Fold changes in <i>Col1a1</i> mRNA showed a peak one week after bleomycin administration. (*P<0.05) (C) Histological staining by HE and Masson’s trichrome showed pronounced diffuse fibrosis in the lungs three weeks after bleomycin administration.</p

miR-29b Psh-match suppresses pulmonary fibrosis in mice to a greater degree than miR-29b mimic.

<p>(A) In bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibroblast model mice, quantitative real-time PCR data indicates an increase in <i>Col1a1</i> mRNA expression. Expression of <i>Col1a1</i> decreased in the lungs of mice administered with miR-29b Psh-match relative to mice administered with either PBS, miR-29b scrambled control, or miR-29b mimic (*P<0.05). (B) HE and Masson’s trichrome staining showed the pronounced diffuse fibrosis on the lungs in the bleomycin-treated mice. Administration of miR-29b Psh-match suppressed pulmonary fibrosis in an established mouse model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis (*P<0.05). High magnification images of the lungs of mice administered with either miR-29b mimic or Psh-match mice are shown in the frames. (C) Hydroxyproline content was measured as micrograms of hydroxyproline per weight in grams of the left lung’s tissues in mice.</p