<span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#212121;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-IN">Regional <span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#373737;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-IN">variations <span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#212121;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-IN">in fibre <span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#373737;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-IN">growth <span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#212121;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-IN">dynamics of myotomal and caudal fin muscles in relation to body <span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#373737;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN; mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language:HI" lang="EN-IN">size <span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#212121;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN; mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language:HI" lang="EN-IN">of a freshwater teleost, <i>Barbus </i><i><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#373737;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-IN">sarana </span></i><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#212121;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-IN">(Cuv. & Val.)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>

850-856The growth of red fibres in anterior and middle myotomal regions of B. sarana was mainly by hyperplasia in smaller size classes. In higher size classes, growth by hyperplasia was greater in posterior myotomal region compared to the other two myotomal regions. The growth of pink fibres in anterior myotomal regions was mainly by hypertrophy. The middle and posterior myotomal regions showed fibre growth by hyperplasia. The growth dynamics of white fibres revealed more or less similar pattern in all three myotomal regions against the somatic development. White fibres grew by hyperplasia up to 8 cm F.L. size classes and thereafter by hypertrophy. However, in > 12 cm F.L. size classes, the mean diameter of white fibres did not increase significantly. Similar pattern of growth was found in the white fibres of caudal fin muscle. It is interesting to note that the hyperplasia was mostly completed in the white fibres of the smallest fish studies, whereas, it continued to quite larger fish size in red and pink fibres. Thus, hyperplasia and hypertrophy may be responsible for growth in all fibre types in all myotomal regions in relation to somatic development in this small and medium growing species

Association of Angiogenic and Inflammatory Markers with Power Doppler Ultrasound Vascularity Grade and DAS28-CRP in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Comparative Analysis

Objective. Upregulation of various proinflammatory and angiogenic mediators orchestrates the typical pathological synovial alterations in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). DAS28-CRP is commonly used for assessment of RA disease activity and power Doppler ultrasonography (PDUS) is an important modality for assessing synovial vascularity. This study was intended to look for the association of various inflammatory and angiogenic mediators, with respect to different PDUS vascularity grades and disease activity status, in early RA patients. Methods. 50 early RA patients (<6 months disease duration) with either moderate or high disease activity and 30 healthy controls were included in this study. RA patients were subcategorized based on PDUS vascularity grading of wrist joints. Serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α); interleukin-6(IL-6)] and angiogenic markers [angiopoietin-1 and 2 (Ang-1 and Ang-2); vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) ] were measured and compared among different patient subgroups. Results. Among 50 patients, 22 and 28 patients had moderate and high DAS28-CRP score, respectively. Patients with grade 3 PDUS score, even with moderate DAS value, showed a significant rise in Ang-1 (p<0.02), VEGF (p<0.008), Ang-2 (p <0.001), and TNF-α (p<0.005) level compared to grade 2 PDUS patients with high DAS values. Conclusion. Higher serum level of angiogenic and inflammatory markers was noted among patients with moderate disease activity but with advanced PDUS vascularity (grade 3) in comparison to high disease activity group with less severe PDUS vascularity (grade 2). PDUS vascularity grading better reflects some markers of angiogenesis and inflammation, than composite disease activity index

Photograph of the Month: positive flower structure in the Archean granite gneiss of Southern India, India

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