Antibacterial Effect of Jatropha multifida L. Leaf Infusion towards Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Background: Jatropha multifida is one of the medicinal plants commonly found in Indonesia. This plant is used in the community to heal open wounds, however, scientific evidence is lacking. The two most common bacteria which often cause infection in open wounds are Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial effect of J. multifida leaf infusion towards S. aureus and P. Aeruginosa in vitro.Methods: This was an experimental laboratory study conducted at the Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran in 2014. The modified Kirby-Bauer antimicrobial diffusion procedure on Mueller-Hinton agar was applied to determine the inhibitory zone. In determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), the modified technique of tube dilution was used.Results: The results of this research showed that the infusion of J. multifida leaves had inhibitory effects on the growth of S. aureus dan P. aeruginosa at the concentration of 100% and 75%. The minimum inhibition concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration could not be determined.Conclusions: There is evidence confirming the bacteriostatic antibacterial effect of J. multifida leaves which inhibits the growth of S. aureus and P. Aeruginosa. Further study is needed to explore J. multifida leaves

Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus in Indonesian children: A cross-sectional study.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important cause of infection and commonly colonizes the nasopharynx of young children, along with other potentially pathogenic bacteria. The objectives of this study were to estimate the carriage prevalence of S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus in young children in Indonesia, and to examine interactions between these bacterial species. 302 healthy children aged 12-24 months were enrolled in community health centers in the Bandung, Central Lombok, and Padang regions. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected and stored according to World Health Organization recommendations, and bacterial species detected by qPCR. Pneumococcal serotyping was conducted by microarray and latex agglutination/Quellung. Overall carriage prevalence was 49.5% for S. pneumoniae, 27.5% for H. influenzae, 42.7% for M. catarrhalis, and 7.3% for S. aureus. Prevalence of M. catarrhalis and S. pneumoniae, as well as pneumococcal serotype distribution, varied by region. Positive associations were observed for S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis (OR 3.07 [95%CI 1.91-4.94]), and H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis (OR 2.34 [95%CI 1.40-3.91]), and a negative association was found between M. catarrhalis and S. aureus (OR 0.06 [95%CI 0.01-0.43]). Densities of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis were positively correlated when two of these species were present. Prior to pneumococcal vaccine introduction, pneumococcal carriage prevalence and serotype distribution varies among children living in different regions of Indonesia. Positive associations in both carriage and density identified among S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis suggest a synergistic relationship among these species with potential clinical implications

Pneumococcal carriage, density, and co-colonization dynamics: a longitudinal study in Indonesian infants.

OBJECTIVES: Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae underpins disease development and transmission. We examined pneumococcal carriage dynamics, including density and multiple serotype carriage, in Indonesian infants during the first year of life. METHODS: 200 healthy infants were enrolled at 2 months of age, with 8 nasopharyngeal swabs collected from enrolment until 12 months of age. Pneumococci were detected using quantitative PCR and serotyped by microarray. Regression models assessed factors influencing pneumococcal carriage and density. RESULTS: 85% of infants carried pneumococci at least once during the study. The median age of first acquisition was 129 days (IQR 41, 216). The median duration of carriage was longer for the first pneumococcal acquisition compared with subsequent acquisitions (151 days vs 95 days, p < 0.0001). Of 166 infants who carried pneumococci during the study, the majority (63.9%) carried a single pneumococcal serotype at a time. Pneumococcal carriage density was higher when upper respiratory tract infection symptoms were present, lower during antibiotic usage, decreased with age, and tended to decrease over time during a carriage episode. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of Indonesian infants carry pneumococcus at least once during the first year of life. Pneumococcal carriage is a dynamic process, with pneumococcal density varying during a carriage episode

Risk factors associated with nasopharyngeal carriage and density of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus in young children living in Indonesia

Background: Potentially pathogenic bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus are commonly carried in the nasopharynx of young children. Host and environmental factors have been linked with pathogen carriage, and in many studies rural children have higher carriage rates than their urban counterparts. There are few published data on what factors contribute to increased pathogen density. The objectives of this study were to identify risk factors for nasopharyngeal carriage and density of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, and S. aureus in young children in Indonesia. Methods: Risk factor analysis was done using data on bacterial carriage and participant characteristics from a cross-sectional study that enrolled 302 children aged 12-24 months living in urban or semi-rural areas of Indonesia. Associations between host factors and odds of pathogen carriage were explored using logistic regression. Characteristics identified to be independent predictors of carriage by univariable analysis, as well as those that differed between urban and semi-rural participants, were included in multivariable models. Risk factors for increased pathogen density were identified using linear regression analysis. Results: No differences in carriage prevalence between urban and semi-rural children were observed. Multiple children under the age of 5 years in the household (< 5y) and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms were associated with S. pneumoniae carriage, with adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of 2.17 (95% CI 1.13, 4.12) and 2.28 (95% CI 1.15, 4.50), respectively. There was some evidence that URTI symptoms (aOR 1.94 [95% CI 1.00, 3.75]) were associated with carriage of M. catarrhalis. Children with URTI symptoms (p = 0.002), and low parental income (p = 0.011) had higher S. pneumoniae density, whereas older age was associated with lower S. pneumoniae density (p = 0.009). URTI symptoms were also associated with higher M. catarrahlis density (p = 0.035). Low maternal education (p = 0.039) and multiple children < 5y (p = 0.021) were positively associated with H. influenzae density, and semi-rural residence was associated with higher S. aureus density (p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study provides a detailed assessment of risk factors associated with carriage of clinically-relevant bacteria in Indonesian children, and new data on host factors associated with pathogen density