Pearson correlation of body composition measurements with circulating PYY^1,2.

1<p>Pearson correlation of body composition measurements with PYY (pg/ml).</p>2<p>Statistical significance was set to p<0.05.</p

Regression Models of Magnesium Intake on Insulin Resistance based upon %BF and BMI.

1<p>Regression model adjusted for caloric intake, physical activity, medication use and menopausal status.Subjects were also stratified into a tertiles(Low, Medium and High) based upon %BF and BMI.</p>2<p>β = Unstandardized Beta (standard error), β* = Standardized Beta (standard error), Magnesium intake (g/day/kg).</p>3<p>Magnesium intake (Low BMI 409.78±243.5 mg/day, Medium BMI 353.24±180.9 mg/day, High BMI 342.76±196.1 mg/day) (Low %BF 387.5±230.3 mg/day, Medium %BF 360.54±187.5 mg/day, High %BF 357.68±210.7 mg/day).</p>4<p>Statistical significance was set to p<0.05 (IBM SPSS Statistics 19).</p

Fasting serum PYY among normal-weight, overweight and obese males and females.

<p>Fasting PYY concentration was not significantly different between normal-weight (NW), overweight (OW) or obese (OB) subjects defined either by body mass index (BMI) according to the WHO criteria <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095235#pone.0095235-WorldHealthOrganization1" target="_blank">[28]</a> or percent body fat (%BF) measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) according to the Bray criteria <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095235#pone.0095235-Bray1" target="_blank">[27]</a>. Fasting PYY concentration was also not significantly different among adiposity groups among men and women separately.</p

Body composition characteristics and PYY concentration^1,4,5.

1<p>All values are means ± SDs. Gender differences were analyzed by a one-way ANCOVA.</p>2<p>Variable significantly greater in men than women.</p>3<p>Variable significantly greater in women than men.</p>4<p>PYY Minimum and Maximum (pg/ml) – Entire Cohort (3.7–368.5); Male (7.26–364.7); Female (3.67–368.5).</p>5<p>Significance level for one-way ANCOVA (controlling for age) was set to P≤0.05.</p

Multiple Regression for Body Fat (%), Trunk Fat (%), and Waist Circumference (cm) on PYY Concentration^1,3.

1<p>Regression model adjusted for age, gender, smoking, medication use (Menopause was also controlled for in the females).</p>2<p>β = Unstandardized Beta (standard error).</p>3<p>Statistical significance was set to p<0.05.</p

Physical, Biochemical, and Dietary Intake Characteristics According to Magnesium Intake.

1<p>Data presented as mean ± SD. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and β-cell function (HOMA-β).</p>2<p>Subjects were stratified into a tertile (low, medium and high) based upon magnesium intake (mg/day).</p>3<p>Magnesium intake group differences were assessed with an ANCOVA controlling for caloric intake, physical activity, medication use, menopause and %BF.</p>4<p>Statistical significance for one-way ANCOVA was set to p<0.05 (IBM SPSS Statistics 19).</p

Fasting Serum PYY for men and women in four age groups.

<p>Fasting PYY concentration was 15.2%, 17.1% and 11.8% greater among men than women within the <30 yrs, >30–<40 yrs, and >40–<50 yrs groups respectively (*). Additionally, the ≥50 yrs group of women had a 12.2% higher circulating level of PYY than women in the <30 yrs group (†).</p

PYY concentrations according to body composition measurements^1,4,5,6.

1<p>All values are mean ± SDs. Subjects were stratified into tertiles (low, medium and high) based upon body composition measurements.</p>2<p>Female - Body Fat % (Low 27.7±2.4, Medium 35.7±2.3, High 44.4±3.6); Trunk Fat % (Low 28.3±3.6, Medium 38.0±2.3, High 46.9±3.6); waist circumference (Low 77.2±5.5 cm, Medium 89.7±3.3 cm, High 107.5±10.1 cm).</p>3<p>Male - Body Fat % (Low 86.2±7.6, Medium 95.8±6.9, High 108.3±13.9); Trunk Fat % (Low 85.9±7.6, Medium 96.2±7.8, High 108.39±13.5); waist circumference (Low 83.9±6.1 cm, Medium 95.8±2.3 cm, High 110.9±11.3 cm).</p>4<p>P = Differences between sexes and among body composition tertiles were assessed with ANCOVA controlling for age.</p>5<p>P* = Differences between sexes and among body composition tertiles were assessed with ANCOVA controlling for age, gender, smoking, medication use, and menopause.</p>6<p>Statistical significance level was set to p<0.05.</p

Physical and biochemical characteristics of subjects at baseline and in response to 7-days of overfeeding¹.

1<p>All values are means ± SDs. HOMA - IR, Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA - β of β cell function; NA, not applicable.</p><p>Adiposity status and response to overfeeding analyzed by 2 - factor mix model ANOVA (SPSS, version 17.0 Chicago, IL, USA) for repeated measures.</p>2<p>Subjects were classified on the basis of %BF as either normal weight (8 – 20.9%), overweight (21 – 25.9%) or obese (> 26%) according to criteria recommended by Bray <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0074215#pone.0074215-Bray1" target="_blank">[32]</a>.</p>3<p>Significant difference between normal weight, overweight and obese subjects at baseline (1 - Way ANOVA, followed by a Bonferroni corrected test, P<0.05).</p>4<p>Significant difference between normal weight vs obese subjects at baseline (1 - Way ANOVA, followed by a Bonferroni corrected test, P<0.05).</p>5<p>Significant difference due to overfeeding (2 - Way mixed model ANOVA, P<0.05).</p>6<p>Significant difference due to adiposity status (2 - Way mixed model ANOVA, P<0.05).</p>7<p>Significant overfeeding by adiposity status interaction (2 - Way mixed model ANOVA, followed by a Bonferroni corrected test when significant, P<0.05).</p>8<p>Significant difference within group (paired t-test, P<0.05).</p

Regression Models of Magnesium Intake on Insulin Resistance.

1<p>Regression model adjusted for caloric intake, physical activity, medication use and menopausal status.</p>2<p>β = Unstandardized Beta (standard error), β* = Standardized Beta (standard error), Magnesium intake (g/day/kg).</p>3<p>Normal-weight, overweight and obese groups are based upon %BF according to the Bray criteria (25).</p>4<p>Magnesium intake (Pre-Menopause 360.63±209.8 mg/day, Post-Menopause 353.82±192.9 mg/day) (Entire cohort, Normal-weight, Overweight, & Obese – See Table.1).</p>5<p>Statistical significance was set to p<0.05 (IBM SPSS Statistics 19).</p