Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and its management: a review

Root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita stands out among the most harmful polyphagous endoparasite causing serious harm to plants, and distributed all over the globe. RKN causes reduced growth, quality and yield along with reduced resistance of the host against biotic and abiotic stresses. Infective second stage juvenile enters host roots with the help of the stylet and becomes sedentary getting into the vascular cylinder. Dramatic changes occur in host cells, making a specialized feeding site, induced by the secretion of effector protein by RKN. M. incognita can be controlled by nematicides, biocontrol agents, botanicals essential oils and growing resistant cultivars. Nematicides are no longer allowed to use in many parts of the world because of environmental hazards and toxicity to humans and other organisms. Researchers are concentrating on searching suitable alternatives to nematicides for effective management of M. incognita. This review mainly tries to explain the biology of M. incognita and different management options recommended in recent years. However, an effective and economical management of M. incognita remains an immense challenge

Clinical Study of Pemphigus in Lumbini Medical College

Background: Pemphigus is a worldwide disease and varies in its clinical profile and epidemiology in different regions of the world. The disease is rare and few epidemiological data are available. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the epidemiologic, clinical, and therapeutic features of pemphigus in Lumbini Medical College. Methods: We retrospectively investigated a total of 70 patients with pemphigus. The parameters including age at diagnosis, sex, diagnostic methods and treatment outcome of the disease. Results: The mean age at the onset was 41.3 years. The male-to-female ratio was 1.18:1. Most of the patients were cured at the end of the treatment. Rest were clinically improved. Conclusion: Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is the most common clinical subtype in our centre. The disease is more frequent in the fifth decade of life and has a male predominance in our region

Effect of Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Related Characteristics and Treatment Interventions on Cardiovascular Disease Incidence

BACKGROUND: An association between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and cardiovascular diseases has been shown in multiple studies. However, little is known about the effect of IBD-related characteristics on cardiovascular events. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective, nested case-control study of IBD patients who presented to the institution from 2000 to 2004, allowing for a 10-year follow-up period. One hundred eleven patients who developed cardiovascular events (cases) and 222 patients who did not develop cardiovascular events (cases) were included in the study after matching for Framingham cardiovascular risk score (2008). Relationships between predictor variables and cardiovascular outcome were assessed by conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: The cases and controls were similar in age, gender, smoking and cholesterol level. There was no difference in disease subtype (ulcerative colitis or Crohn\u27s disease). On conditional logistic regression, thiopurine treatment (odds ratio [OR]: 0.42, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.19-0.87; P = 0.02) was associated with decreased cardiovascular events and tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonist use (OR: 2.63, 95% CI: 1.49-4.63; P = 0.001) was associated with increased cardiovascular events. Although not statistically significant, disease-related surgery (OR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.32-1.02; P = 0.06) was associated with decreased cardiovascular events and disease-related hospitalization (OR: 1.58, 95% CI: 0.96-2.57; P = 0.07) was associated with increased incidence of cardiovascular disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The authors observed decreased incidence of cardiovascular diseases in patients with IBD who were treated with thiopurines and increased incidence of cardiovascular outcomes among patients treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonist

Severe Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis due to Serratia marcescens in an Immunocompetent Patient

Septic arthritis and osteomyelitis due to Serratia marcescens in immunocompetent patients without risk factors are extremely rare. Here, we report a case of septic arthritis and severe adjacent osteomyelitis of the tibia due to Serratia marcescens in a diabetic community-dweller patient. The patient had no contact with healthcare workers or facilities and had no chronic disease except for poorly controlled diabetes. Without predisposing risk factors, this type of infection is extremely rare, even in diabetics

Clinical Study of Pemphigus in Lumbini Medical College

Background: Pemphigus is a worldwide disease and varies in its clinical profile and epidemiology in different regions of the world. The disease is rare and few epidemiological data are available. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the epidemiologic, clinical, and therapeutic features of pemphigus in Lumbini Medical College. Methods: We retrospectively investigated a total of 70 patients with pemphigus. The parameters including age at diagnosis, sex, diagnostic methods and treatment outcome of the disease. Results: The mean age at the onset was 41.3 years. The male-to-female ratio was 1.18:1. Most of the patients were cured at the end of the treatment. Rest were clinically improved. Conclusion: Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is the most common clinical subtype in our centre. The disease is more frequent in the fifth decade of life and has a male predominance in our region

Clinical Study of Pemphigus in Lumbini Medical College

Background: Pemphigus is a worldwide disease and varies in its clinical profile and epidemiology in different regions of the world. The disease is rare and few epidemiological data are available. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the epidemiologic, clinical, and therapeutic features of pemphigus in Lumbini Medical College. Methods: We retrospectively investigated a total of 70 patients with pemphigus. The parameters including age at diagnosis, sex, diagnostic methods and treatment outcome of the disease. Results: The mean age at the onset was 41.3 years. The male-to-female ratio was 1.18:1. Most of the patients were cured at the end of the treatment. Rest were clinically improved. Conclusion: Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is the most common clinical subtype in our centre. The disease is more frequent in the fifth decade of life and has a male predominance in our region