Detecting Ambiguity in Requirements Analysis Using Mamdani Fuzzy Inference

Natural language is the most common way to specify requirements during elicitation of requirements as stakeholders can better specify the services they want from a particular system. However, it is arguable that requirements gathered in natural language is free from error especially ambiguity. Ambiguity in requirements can cause requirement engineers or system analysts to perceive the requirements according to their understanding instead of stakeholders understanding. This study attempts to detect ambiguity mainly vagueness as early as possible using Mamdani fuzzy inference when analyzing requirements. Dataset used in this study comprises raw requirements that are still in natural language form. In order to create fuzzy rules, the analysis of the requirements in natural language involves the process of capturing the text patterns of the requirements. The results show that it is possible to use Mamdani fuzzy inference that can detect ambiguity in requirements analysis phase

Predicting bulk powder flow dynamics in a continuous mixer operating in transitory regimes

Over recent years there has been increasing interest in continuous powder mixing processes, due mainly to the development of on-line measurement techniques. However, our understanding of these processes remains limited, particularly with regard to their flow and mixing dynamics. In the present work, we study the behaviour of a pilot-scale continuous mixer during transitory regimes, in terms of hold-up weight and outflow changes. We present and discuss experimental results concerning the start-up dynamics of a Gericke GCM 500 mixer, for which a specific experimental protocol has been developed to determine the evolution of the hold-up in the mixer and the real outflow. Empirical relationships are derived so as to link hold-up weight variations with operating conditions. A simple stochastic approach, based on a non-homogeneous Markov chain, is developed to simulate the bulk particle flow and transport in the continuous mixer at a macroscopic level. Although this simple model is only based on the start-up behaviour, it provides a full description of the mixer dynamics in response to strong perturbations on the flow rate or on the rotational speed of the stirring device, such as negative or positive steps. This model is validated experimentally for a wide range of operating conditions, and constitutes a first approach to process control

A Systematic Literature Review on User Interface Design for Web Applications

Proper user interface design is vital for both users and software engineers toward satisfaction in developing usable Web applications. Software engineers may ask users randomly, but it may lead to rework if users are not satisfied with the design of the interface once it is in the implementation stage. Thus, a more structured way to support the process of user interface design will be useful to avoid changes at a later stage. This paper adopted a systematic literature review method to gather all related works that highlight the issues and the proposed works in user interface design for Web applications. Based on the results, we can deduce the gaps from the existing works that motivate the future work in user interface design

APLIKASI PERPAKIRAN MOBIL DAN MOTOR DISEBUAH MALL BERBASIS CLIENT SERVER

Perkembangan dalam bidang Teknologi Informasi sudah demikian pesat. Kemampuan mendapatkan dan menyediakan informasi secara tepat dan akurat menjadi hal yang sangat penting bagi sebuah organisasi (komersil ataupun non komersil), perguruan tinggi, lembaga pemerintahan maupun individu, oleh karena itu, diperlukan teknologi informasi yang semakin inovatif, seiring dengan dibutuhkannya Teknologi Informasi yang terkini. Penerapan dari Teknologi Informasi tersebut digunakan oleh pemilik mall untuk membuat suatu aplikasi perparkiran yang bertujuan agar aman dan teratur yang sebelumnya hanya secara manual dengan cara memberikan karcis kepada pemilik kendaraan tanpa penyimpanan data yang rapi dan teratur. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan kehilangan kendaraan ataupun penyimpangan – penyimpangan dalam hal keuangan. Sistem dibangun dengan metode client server, dengan metode client server penyimpanan data hanya ada pada satu komputer saja yang bertindak sebagai server sedangkan komputer yang lain (Client Server) hanya mengakses data dari server. Selain menggunakan Data Flow Diagram pada perancangan sistem ini, juga menggunakan teknik-teknik struktur database dan sistem menu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa telah berhasil dibangun suatu aplikasi Perparkiran Motor dan Mobil Pada Suatu Mall Berbasis Client Server yang dapat membantu menjaga keamanan mobil dan motor serta memberikan laporan keuangan yang akurat. Kata Kunci : Client, Server, Parki

Differences in the Academic Attributes of Matched and Unmatched Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Applicants are Narrowing

Background: Orthopaedic surgery remains one of the most competitive residency specialties, with the number of applicants outpacing the availability of residency positions each year. The purpose of this study was to analyze present-day orthopaedic surgery match data, identify differences between matched and unmatched applicants, and compare our findings to previous trends. Methods: Applicant data from the National Resident Matching Program from 2016 to 2022 were analyzed. The number of matched and unmatched US allopathic senior orthopaedic applicants relative to the number of available positions was used to determine respective match rates. Performance metrics and applicant characteristics were compared by match status. Trends were compared with those of previous analysis from 2006 to 2014. Results: The number of applicants increased from 863 in 2016 to 1,068 in 2022. The match rate decreased from 75% in 2016 to 66% in 2022 (p \u3c 0.0001). Matched applicants had a higher number of contiguous ranks (12.3 vs. 6.5; p \u3c 0.001), United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step-1 score (248 vs. 240; p \u3c 0.001), USMLE Step-2 score (255 vs. 247; p \u3c 0.001), Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA) membership (38% vs. 13%; p \u3c 0.001), and enrollment at a top 40 National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded medical school (34% vs. 24%, p \u3c 0.001). Compared with 2006 to 2014 data, a smaller percentage of matched applicants were enrolled in a top 40 NIH-funded medical school (34% vs. 37%, p = 0.013). The mean differences in USMLE Step1 score (16 vs. 8.25 points, p \u3c 0.001) and USMLE Step-2 score (16 vs. 8.25 points, p = 0.002) in favor of matched applicants nearly halved compared with that in 2006 to 2014. In addition, there was no longer a significant difference in the number of research products (abstracts, presentations, posters, and publications) between matched and unmatched applicants (p= 0.309). Conclusions: Differences in the academic attributes of matched and unmatched orthopaedic surgery applicants have become less profound over time, making it increasingly difficult to predict a successful match based on USMLE Step scores, AOA membership, research productivity, and medical school research reputation. Future studies should evaluate differences in subjective metrics (e.g., away rotation and interview performance and letters of recommendation) by match status

Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography compared to unenhanced CT for stone and obstruction in patients with renal failure

BACKGROUND: To determine accuracy of ultrasound (US) kidney, ureter and bladder (KUB) compared to un-enhanced helical CT (UHCT) in patients with renal failure in the diagnosis of stone and obstruction. METHODS: This is a case controlled study conducted in the period from June 2000 to July 2003 at a university hospital. All patients had both US and UHCT scan. Patients with serum creatinine ≥ 1.8 mg/dl were included in the study. Only direct visualization of stone was considered as confirmatory. In both the studies, UHCT and US, presence of stone and obstruction were noted. The relevant biochemicals, radiological and clinical records of all the patients were analyzed. Data was analyzed using commercially available software. RESULTS: During the period of study 864 patients had UHCT for evaluation of the urinary tract in patients presenting with flank pain. Out of these 34 patients had both UHCT and US done within a span of one day and had serum creatinine of ≥1.8 mg/dl. Mean age was 48 ±15.8 years and 59% of patients were males. UHCT identified renal stones in 21 (62%), whereas 17 of these were identified on US, with a sensitivity of 81%. Of the four patients with renal stones missed on US, three were identified on plain x-ray; the mean size of stones missed was 6.3 mm. Of the 22 (65%) patients with ureteric stone on UHCT, US could only identify 10; a further 7 were identified on x-ray KUB, giving a sensitivity of 45% (US alone) and 77% (US with x-ray KUB). CONCLUSIONS: US is sensitive and specific for renal stones, 81% and 100% and for hydronephrosis, 93% and 100%, respectively. Its sensitivity to pick ureteric stone (46%) and to identify hydroureter (50%) is low. Addition of x-ray KUB abdomen increases the sensitivity for ureteric stones to 77%

The Number of Shoulder and Elbow Questions on the Orthopedic In-Training Examination Is Increasing with Greater Emphasis on Critical Thinking over Recall

Background: It is critical for orthopedic surgery residents and residency programs to have a current understanding of the content and resources utilized by the Orthopedic In-Training Examination (OITE) to continuously guide study and educational efforts. This study presents an updated analysis of the shoulder and elbow section of the OITE. Methods: All OITE questions, answers, and references from 2013 to 2019 were reviewed. The number of shoulder and elbow questions per year was recorded, and questions were analyzed for topic, imaging modalities, cognitive taxonomy, and references. We compared our data to the results of a previous study that analyzed shoulder and elbow OITE questions from 2002 to 2007 to examine trends and changes in this domain overtime. Results: There were 177 shoulder and elbow questions (126 shoulder, 71.2%; 51 elbow, 28.8%) of 1863 OITE questions (9.5%) over a 7-year period. The most commonly tested topics included degenerative joint disease/stiffness/arthroplasty (31.6%), anatomy/biomechanics (16.9%), instability/athletic injury (15.3%), trauma (14.7%), and rotator cuff (13.6%). Half of all questions involved clinical management decisions (49.7%). A total of 417 references were cited from 56 different sources, the most common of which were the Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery (23.3%), Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (20.4%), and Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American Volume) (16%). The average time lag from article publication to OITE reference was 7.7 years. Compared with a prior analysis from 2002 to 2007, there was a significant increase in the number of shoulder and elbow questions on the OITE (5.5% to 9.5%; P \u3c.001). Recent exams incorporated more complex multistep treatment questions (4.4% vs. 49.7%; P \u3c.001) and fewer recall questions (42.2% vs. 22%; P \u3c.001). There was a significant increase in the use of imaging modalities (53.3% vs. 79.1%; P \u3c.001). No significant differences in the distribution of question topics were found. Conclusions: The percentage of shoulder and elbow questions on the OITE has nearly doubled over the past decade with greater emphasis on critical thinking (eg, clinical management decisions) over recall of facts. These findings should prompt educators to direct didactic efforts (eg, morning conferences and journal club) toward case-based learning to foster critical thinking and clinical reasoning skills

MRI of the kidney—state of the art

Ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) are modalities of first choice in renal imaging. Until now, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has mainly been used as a problem-solving technique. MRI has the advantage of superior soft-tissue contrast, which provides a powerful tool in the detection and characterization of renal lesions. The MRI features of common and less common renal lesions are discussed as well as the evaluation of the spread of malignant lesions and preoperative assessment. MR urography technique and applications are discussed as well as the role of MRI in the evaluation of potential kidney donors. Furthermore the advances in functional MRI of the kidney are highlighted