Earthworms Morphometric of Banana trees in Contaminated Area with Pb, Cr, Zn and Fe

Earthworm’s morphology is important to be developed as potential heavy metals bio-indicators. Morphological characteristics measured in this study were weight, length, diameter, female and male pores size, the distance between male’s pores, prostate diameter and vesicles diameter. The purpose of this study was to analyze earthworm distribution by earthworm’s morphometric structure in contaminated soil and to determine the structure of earthworm’s morphometry influenced by heavy metals. Earthworms sampling were done by purposive random sampling and hand sorting method. Fresh samples were taken and identified. Soil samples were tested for its heavy metal content using AAS. Data analysis was performed using PCA. The results showed that Amynthas robustus were highly distributed throughout Gresik and Bangkalan, wherein distinguished morphometric characteristics found in Gresik were body weight, female’s pores size, vesicles diameter, clitellum, prostate diameter, body diameter and body length. Amynthas robustus morphometric characteristics in Bangkalan centered on Madura area except Bancaran was distinguished by female’s pores size

Technology Enhancement Productivity Degraded Dryland through Quality Improvement Compost and Biochar with Indicators Productivity of Crop Soybean

The aim of research to know whether there is interaction of types compost rice straw or cow dung and dosage biochar of rice straw and cow dung to changes in chemical properties and physical soil, plant height and yield of soybeans in dryland degraded.The research was done on dryland Alfisols Bangkalan Madura, which a area 76% of the dry land area in Bangkalan (126 506 hectares) and 73% of large standard dry land in Madura, from 2011 until 2012.Research methods. The research design used a split plot design arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Factor I (main plot) types of compost 3 levels (O 0: no composting , O1:compost of rice straw 10 tonnes / hectare, O2: compost of cow dung 10 tonnes / hectare) and factor II (sub plot) 5 biochar dose levels (B0: without biochar, B1:biochar of rice straw 2 tonnes / hectare, B2: biochar of rice straw 4 tons / hectare, B3: biochar of cow dung 2 tonnes / hectare, and B4: biochar of cow dung 4 tonnes / hectare. Soybean plants are used as an indicator in the study.Observations were made two weeks after planting (2 WAP) and two weeks after harvest (2 WAH).The results of the research: Two weeks after planting (2 WAP), the highest C organic soil on combination O2 B4 (composted cowdung 10 tonnes/hectare and cow dung biochar 4 tonnes/hectare) is 3.354% (high), an increase of 246%. While at 2 WAH C organic soil 2.864% (high enough) an increase 195%. With the increase in soil carbon deposits 195% in two weeks after this harvest, dry land was originally relegated primarily soil organic C were very low (˂ 1%), soybeans can be planted at least 5 times a season. Besides increasing the productivity of land, a combination of compost 10 toness/hectare (both rice straw compost and cow manure compost) and dose biochar 4 tonnes/hectare (both biochar and biochar rice straw manure) can increase the productivity of soybean plants (2.259 to 2.298) ton/acres, and the results showed an increase in production compared to the average production of local farmers Madura (1.25 tonnes / ha), east Java province (1,342 tons / hectare) and the national average production (1,357 tons / ha) in 2010, resulting in an average increase in production of 74% of the average local production of Madura, east Java and national

Role of Microbial Consortium on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Accumulation in Leaf of Jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis).

The purpose of this research was to know the role of microbial consortium (symbiotic and non symbiotic of N fixing bacteria; solvent P bacteria and microbial decomposers) with different concentrations (0,10,20,30 mL) on nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation in leaf of Jackbean (Censiformis). This research is an experiment was inoculating the microbial consortium in various concentrations to the rhizosphere of the soil which would be used as the medium for the C. ensiformis growth. Data were analyzed using ANOVA adn followed by Dunca's test 5%. Result of this research indicated that no a marked different for the concentration of microbial consortium, except chlorophyll a content(a=0,023). Howevwr giving of microbial consortium at a concentration of 30mL. showed best value for the paremeters leaf area, chlorophyll content a, chlorophyll b content and leaf N content. The microbial consortum showed thet no effect on P content in leaf of C. ensiformis

The Effect of Organic Nutrient and Growth Regulators on Seed Germination, Embryo and Shoots Development of Dendrobium antennatum by In Vitro

Dendrobium antennatum has high economic value as cut flowers and flowerpots. Like orchid seeds in general, D. antennatum is difficult to germinate under natural conditions.This study aimed to determine the effect of coconut water on seed germination and embryo development, as well as the effect of NAA on shoots development of D. antennatum. This study consisted of two stages. In the first stage, the 12 weeksold seeds after pollination were sown on MS medium containing 2 g/L peptone + 0%;5%;10%; and 20% coconut water. After 8 weeks of culture, the seeds germinated and the shoot form were recorded. The highest seed germination (92.2%) and the formation of shoots (51.4%) were obtained when seeds were cultured on MS medium containing 2 g/L peptone +20% coconut water. In the second stage, the shoots were sub-cultured on MS medium containing 1 mg/L thidiazuron +0 mg/L; 1 mg/L; 2 mg/L; and 3 mg/L NAA. After 16 weeks of sub-culture, the height of plantlets, the length of the roots and leaves, number of leaves and roots formed were recorded. MS medium containing 1 mg/L thidiazuron + 1 mg/L NAA was the most suitable for the shoots development of D.antennatum. The embryo development of D.antennatum in vitro begans with the enlargement of embryo, with further it emerged from the seed coat (germinated) followed by the formation of the apical meristems to form the shoots and the roots

Induction of Regeneration in Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Bl at Several Plant Growth Regulator Dosages

The research was aimed to study the effect of plant growth regulator 2iP, NAA and its combination to regeneration of P. amabilis. Internodes and nodes segments from pedicellus were cultured in New Phalaenopsis (NP) media supplemented either with 2iP or NAA and its combination with concentrations of 0.0:0.0; 0.0:2.5; 0.5:2.0; 1.0:1.5; 1.5:1.0; 2.0:0.5, and 2.5:0.0 mg L-1 respectively. Eksplans were sub-cultured in the same medium once four weeks during twelve weeks. Callus initiation time was observed once a day. Shoot initiation time from internodes and nodes were observed once a week. The number of shoot and root were calculated twelve weeks after inoculation. The results showed that bud regeneration from internodes was indirectly due to callus phase, while bud and root regeneration from nodes were directly without callus phase. The combination between 2iP and NAA had higher effect on regeneration than single or without plant growth regulator. Nodes of explants produced more shoots and roots than internodes of explants

The Use of Lurnbricus Rubellus as Bioremidiation Agent of Vermicomposting of City Organic Waste Polluted by Lead Metal (Pb).

Landfill (TPA) is a place where waste reaches the last stage in its management since the nascent in its source, collection, transfer / conveyance, treatment and disposal. TPA is a place where trash is isolated safely so as not to cause disturbance to the surrounding environment. Therefore required the provision of facilities and the correct treatment so that security can be achieved well. The aim of this research is to investigate the use of Lumbricus rubellus as bioremidiation agent of vermicomposting of city organic waste polluted by lead metal (Pb). This research was compiled using a completely randomized design (RAL), with four treatments and replications of three (3) times. Treatment (1) in the form of organic waste + Pb metal as a control (S), treatment (2) organic waste + Pb metal is added by manure (SK), treatment (3) organic waste + Pb metal is added bio-activator (SA), treatment (4 ) organic waste + Pb metal is added by manure and bio-activator (SKA). Observations were made on days 3, 10, 20 and 30 days after inoculation of earthworms. that the provision of metallic lead (Pb) in an organic medium which has been provided treatment gives effect as follows: (1) Treatment by the addition of amendments material and activators in organic media will provide an increase in the percentage of the death of earthworms, over time the observations were conducted. SKA provides the highest mortality percentage. (2) earthworm Lumbricus rubellus have the ability to accumulate Pb metal. Ability to accumulate the lowest Pb metal in the control treatment (29.73 mg kg) and the highest contained in the 1 treatment of SKA (33.13 mg kg). (3) The results of the analysis of C organic, N-total and P-available on 1 kascing in all treatments do not provide a real difference. While on the Pb metal content contained real differences in treatment SA the lowest content (20.43 mg kg) and highest in the treatment of S (32.05 mg 1 kg )

Optimasi Isolasi Protoplas Mesofil Daun Anggrek Paraphalaenopsis laycockii

Optimalization protoplast isolation of the leaves mesophyll orchid Paraphalaenopsis layockii. The obyectives of the research was to investigate the effect of combination treatment of sucrose concentrations and incubation time on protoplast isolation of the leaves mesophyll orchid of Paraphalaenopsis layockii. The factorial experiment consisted of two factors that was arranged by completely randomized design (CRD) with ten replications. The first factor was concentrations of sucrose which consists of three levels namely 0.4 M, 0.5 M and 0.6 M.The second factor was incubation time which consists of four levels namely 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours and 8 hours. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by MannWhitney test. The results showed that there was effect of treatment for all variables observed. The highest protoplast density and number of viable protoplasts achieved in the combined treatment of 0.6 M sucrose and 4 hours of incubation time

In Vitro Seed Germination and Seedling Development of a Rare Indonesian Native Orchid Phalaenopsis amboinensis J.J.Sm

Phalaenopsis amboinensis, an epiphytic orchid, has a great potential for commercial exploitation in the cut-flower industry. It is difficult to propagate vegetatively as it naturally grows slowly. ,erefore, there is a need to improve the propagation methods to avoid endangering its natural populations. ,e objective of this study was to identify the best medium and organic supplements for seed germination and plantlets development of P. amboinensis. Seeds from 4-month-old hand-pollinated orchids were sown on different strengths of MS and VW culture media: Murashige and Skoog (MS), 1/2 MS, Vacin and Went (VW), and 1/2 VW. Optimum seed germination, i.e., 90.7%, was achieved on VW medium. VW medium was suitable for seedling formation and allowed 51.4% of seedling development from protocorm within 10 weeks of culture. When 15% (v/v) coconut water was added together with banana homogenate (10 g·L−1) to the VW medium, the plantlets grew to the highest length and had the highest dry weight (62.1 mmand 15.5 g, respectively). ,e roots and leaves of the plantlets grew vigorously in this medium. Plants regenerated via in vitro seed germination processes were successfully acclimatized in greenhouse conditions, and the survival rate was more than 85%

KARAKTERISASI LINDI TEMPAT PEMBUANGAN AKHIR (TPA) SAMPAH SEBAGAI DATA RANCANGAN TEKNOLOGI PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH CAIR

Pengolahan sampah di Indonesia masih bertumpu pada konsep end-of-pipe, yaitu dengan mengubur sampah di area TPA atau dikenal dengan istilah landfill. Kegiatan tersebut menyebabkan tanah berpotensi tercemar oleh lindi, terutama jika TPA berada di daerah dengan curah hujan dan muka air tanahnya tinggi. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pencemaran lindi menjadi permasalahan yang umum terjadi di TPA di Indonesia. Hal itu sangat berbahaya karena secara umum, lindi sampah mengandung zat berbahaya seperti Cd, Zn, Cr, Hg, dan Ni (Freeze, 1979). Potensi pencemaran oleh lindi dapat diminimalkan dengan melakukan pengolahan yang tepat didasarkan atas kualitas dan kuantitas dari lindi di suatu TPA. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi lindi di sebuah TPA sebagai data primer untuk merancang teknologi pengolahan yang tepat. Karakter fisik-kimia adalah suhu, TDS, TSS, pH, Fe,Mn, Ba, Cu, Zn, Cr6+, Cr tot, Cd, Hg, Pb, Sn, As, Se, Ni, Co, CN, H2S, Fluoride, Cl2, NH3-N, NO3-N, NO2-N, BOD5, COD, Deterjen ionik, Phenol, Minyak dan Lemak, PCB. Karakter biologi adalah Coliform dan mikroba resisten logam Fe, Zn, dan Mn. Sampling lindi dilakukan di area instalasi pengolahan lindi TPA Klotok Kota Kediri. Analisis dilakukan di Laboratorium Lingkungan, Departemen Biologi, Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi; UPT Laboratorium Uji Kualitas Lingkungan Badan Lingkungan Hidup (BLH) Pemerintah Propinsi Jawa Timur, Jl Wisata Menanggal No. 38 Surabaya; dan Balai Besar Laboratorium Kesehatan Surabaya, Jl Karang Menjangan No. 18 Surabaya. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei-Oktober 2013. Prosedur penelitian secara garis besar dibagi dalam tiga tahap, yaitu tahapan sampling, tahapan analisis sampel, dan tahapan analisis data. Pengambilan sampel di area instalasi pengolahan lindi TPA Klotok Kota Kediri dilakukan secara composite sampling.Pengambilan untuk parameter fisik dan kimia, dilakukan pada 4 titik sampling, yaitu W, X, Y, dan Z; di setiap sisi dari kolam inlet. Untuk parameter biologi titik sampling lindi yang akan dianalisis Coliform, sama dengan pengukuran parameter fisik-kimia. Sampling sedimen untuk analisis bakteri resisten logam Mn, Zn, dan Fe; diambil pada 2 titik, yaitu A dan B. Titik A diambil pada kolam inlet dengan kedalaman 115 cm, sedangkan titik B sebagai data pembanding, diambil di kolam kedua dengan kedalaman 100 cm. Sampling dilakukan secara duplo. Volume sampel dan jenis pewadahan sampel lindi, pengawetan di laboratorium, pengawetan selama perjalanan dan analisis parameter sesuai metode dalam Standar Methods for The Examination of Water and Wastewater (Clesceri et al., 1998 dan 2005; Hadi, 2007) dan Bergey’ Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (Holt, 1994). Data hasil pengukuran karakter fisik dan kimia dianalisis secara destruktif komparatif (Arbain, 2007). Analisis yang dilakukan, yaitu data lindi dibandingkan dengan parameter dalam Baku Mutu Limbah cair Kegiatan Pengolahan Limbah B3 (BMLCK-PPLI-B3) pada Kepdal No. 4 Tahun 1995. Untuk karakter biologi (Coliform), dibandingkan dengan PP No. 82 Tahun 2001 tentang Pengelolaan Kualitas Air dan Pengendalian Pencemaran. Sedangkan untuk karakter biologi, yaitu bakteri resisten logam (Mn, Zn, dan Fe) dianalisis secara deskriptif. Dilakukan juga perhitungan tingkat kesamaan habitat dengan menggunakan Indeks Canberra. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah karakteristik lindi TPA Klotok Kota Kediri, meliputi karakteristik fisika, yaitu suhu 25,5-28,5⁰ C; Total Padatan Terlarut 5.050,5-5.287,5 mg/L; Total Padatan Tersuspensi 60,5-67,5 mg/L. Karakteristik kimia, yaitu pH 6,84-6,955; Besi (Fe) 1,5-2,285, Mangan (Mn) 0,7975-1,25 mg/L; Tembaga (Cu) <0,0169-0,04265 mg/L; Seng (Zn) 0,0323-0,05015 mg/L; Krom Heksavalen (Cr 6+)<0,002 mg/L; Krom Total (Cr total) <0,0269 mg/L; Kadmium (Cd) <0,0067 mg/L; Raksa (Hg) <0,0002 mg/L; Timbal (Pb) <0,0547 mg/L; Nikel (Ni) 0,048-0,1215 mg/L; Kobalt (Co) <0,0243-0,0535 mg/L; Sianida (CN) <0,002-0,019 mg/L; Sulfida (H2S) <0,02-0,15 mg/L; Fluorida (F) <0,02 mg/L, Klor bebas (Cl2) <0,004 mg/L; Ammoniak bebas (NH3 -N) 0,9915-2,5 mg/L; Nitrat (NO3 -N) 0,1842-1,112 iv mg/L; Nitrit (NO2-N) 0,01229-0,0139 mg/L; BOD5155,8-561,5 mg/L; COD 440-1.328 mg/L, Detergen 0,1773-0,3155 mg/L; Phenol<0,019 mg/L; Minyak dan Lemak <1,05 mg/L; Arsen (As) 0-0,0175 mg/L; Selenium (Se) 0-1,713 mg/L; dan Stano (Sn) 0- 1,9085 mg/L. Karakteristik Biologi terdiri atas Total Coliform 2.000-140.000 Jumlah/100 ml dan isolat bakteri pada sedimen dan lindi. Pada sedimen meliputi bakteri resisten logam Fe, yaitu Micrococcus dan Pseudomonas; logam Zn, yaitu Bacillus, Pseudomonas, dan Micrococcus; dan logam Mn, yaitu Pseudomonas dan Micrococcus. Bakteri di lindi meliputi bakteri resisten logam Fe, yaitu Bacillus, Micrococcus dan Proteus; logam Zn, yaitu Micrococcus. Bacillus, dan Proteus; dan logam Mn, yaitu Micrococcus, Proteus dan Bacillus

Asymbiotic Seed Germination and in vitro Seedling Development of Paphiopedilum liemianum Fowlie, an Endangered Terrestrial Orchid in Northern Sumatra, Indonesia

Paphiopedilum liemianum Fowlie, is a terrestrial orchid species and endemic in Northern Sumatra, Indonesia. However, due to a deep dormancy that the seed display at dispersion and the difficulty to obtain uniform plant in a short time period, micropropagation may be a feasible alternative. l'vficropropagation by in vitro seed germination techniques have been applied to the conservation of endangered orchid. Four months old seeds of P. liemianum germinated on five different basal media. All media were supplemented with 2.5 µM a-apthalleneacetic acid (NAA) and cultures were incubated in the dark for 4 weeks followed by protocorm development at condition a 16/8 h LID photoperiod. Germination percentage was 78.8% in Vacin and Went (VW) medium were significantly higher than other basal media. To evaluated the effect of organic nutrient additives on seed germination and protocorm development, the seed were cultured on VW medium amended with different of organic nutrient. Additives, especially 10% Coconut Water (CW) to VW medium improved the protocorm development well, with 33.3% the protocorm development to stage 5 (seedling). The seedlings were cultured on VW medium supplemented with different concentrations (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 µM) of thidiazuron (TDZ). Healthy plantlets with developed leaves and roots were planted in pots with sphagnum moss and grown under ex vitro condition and the result was 76% survival rate after 4 weeks